RELIGION 1300-FINAL EXAMZoroastrianism- Reverend Archibald Sayce- 1st person to talk about the term- Zarathustra- founder and leadero Born to warrior clano Wanted to reform moral behavior and polytheism- God---Ahura Mazdao He is the god, afterlife is important- Devil--- Aura Mainyu- King Vishtaspa- first to convert- Afterlife in 2 stageso 1. Judged at the bridge of judgment-kingdom of truth, kingdom of falsehoodo 2.savior- take to paradise and destroy all evilJudaism- Nebuchadnezzar- takes over Israel and forces people to leave- Disaspora- Jewish people living outside of Jerusalem and Israel- Cyrus the great- overthrows Neb.- Jews in exile- are told to go back home and teach Judaismo When they return they build a temple- Rome conquers Jerusalem and destroys the second Jewish temple as punishment for the Jews- Synagogues- Jewish church- Rabbis- priests and religious leaders- Moses Medelssohn- wanted the Jews to fit in so he created “Reform Judaism”o Blending in with the culture- Orthodox Judaism- not willing to fit in, wanted to listen to mosaic lawso Zichism- reclaiming political control of Israel- Theodor Herzl- wanted Israel to be THE Jewish state- Hasidic Judaism- more conservative, meditation- Humanistic Judaism- atheist Jews, Jew by birth but believing in god doesn’t have anything to do with a Jewish identityo More like a “race”Early Christianity Catholic or protestanto Protestant-anything Christian other than catholic Everyone agrees on Jesus Sacred text: bible Roman and Jewish sources write about Jesus following communities---in the gospels not included in the bible (Gnostics) Last supper- Jesus knows he is going to be betrayed and executed so he has dinner with 12 discipleso Execution on cross “Hellenizers”-to follow Jesus you don’t have to follow Jewish laws Jewish Jesus followers- stay kosher and Jewish, follow mosaic laws Council of Jerusalem- 2 groups brought together; hellenizers won debate Godhead- one true god who has always existed Old testament- Yahweh, new testament- Godhead Emperor Theodosius- makes Christianity official religion of roman empireCatholicism- Hierarchy of the catholic church- pope and cardinalso Laity- regular catholic that go to church- Emperor Theodosius- becomes main church of the roman empire Pope- elect new one after each one dies Catholic mass- service-avg. catholic goes too Eucharist- reinacting the last supper with grape juice and bread Afterlife- heaven or hell Baptism- cleansing the sin that existed prior Second Vatican Council- losing people to protestants “so we should change” Human Vitae- the regulation of birth; birth control, sexual acts only lead to pregnancy, condoms etc.Protestantism Not catholic Martin Luther took stand against the catholic church Oral teachings don’t exist, only stuff out of the bible is important John Wycliffe- ideas differed from the catholic church Martin Luther- doesn’t like the catholic theologyo 95 theses-why he doesn’t agree with Catholicism posted on door John Calvin- protestant reformerIslam- Mosque- religious building; imam leads in prayer- 5 pillarso Creed- initiation into Islamo Prayer- must pray, mecca, Fridays rest dayo Ramadan fasto Aimsgiving- give portion of wealth to the pooro Hajg/pilgrimage- sacred visit to mecca- once in lifetime- Allah- god- No pork- Hijah headscarves-very common with women- Burka- full body veil- 2 types of Muslim: Sunni and Shi’ao Sunni more popularo Agree with hadith (embrace the way Muhammad lived life)o Caliphs- Islamic leader- Sufi/Sufism-another type MuslimBaha’i- Centered in Israel---but not Jewish- ‘Bab’- new leadero Sayid Ali Muhammad- claimed to be ‘Bab’- Mizra Husayn Ali Nuri- had vision he was the prophet, changed his name to Baha u’llaho Published texts: Kitab-I Agolas---- the most holy book and Kitab-I Iquari---the book of certitude- Text based religion- Major beliefs:o Unity of god- god expects people to changeo Unity of humanity- everyone is gods creationo Prophets- expect new profits- god will send themo Eternal soul- no heaven and hell- Universal house of justice- HQ in Israel- 9 is the perfect number- 9 sides of temple- Consists of 2 main things:o 1. Prayero 2. Doesn’t have collection or offeringSikhism- Wear turbans on their head- Saint poet: Kabir—rejected aspects of Hinduism- Guru Nanak- founder- Similar to Hinduism- reincarnation, samsara, karma, enlightenment, illusion or unreality- 5 evils: happen when seeking enlightenmento Egoo Angero Greedo Attachmento Lust- Vahiguru- supreme leader & god- Meditation- key to attempting enlightenmento Nam- repeating the gods name- Gudwara- temples and community centers---no priests- Bhindranwale- becomes influential leader and begins to fight Indiao Golden temple is almost destroyedBlack Islam Fard Muhammad- door to door seller of black Islam roots, ‘selling Islam to blacks’ o Believes the original humans were blacko Likes segregation and how everyone has their own businesses for whites and blacks- Black nationalism and Islam- have to believe that god is black- Elijah Poole- confronts Fard Muhammad and claims that the people are not ready to hear his teachings yeto When fard disappears, Elijah changes name to Elijah Muhammad Yacub- black scientist, is banished to an island and this is where he makes the white peopleo Created the “white devils”- University of Islam- series of classes offered at mosques- Fruit of Islam- every able black male is expected to joino Teaches military tactics, how to be a good husband- Malcolm Little (Malcolm x) would go city to city to convert communities to black Islamo Doesn’t want white people in this religiono Segregation!!o Kicked out of nation of Islam- Mass conversion to Sunni Islam after Elijah Muhammad diesIslam in America After 9/11, Islam became big The first Muslims were black slaves Druze-small set of Sunnis Anti gay and anti abortionEvangelicals Type of Christian Personal relationship with god Influenced by protestant reformation Highly emotional worship John Calvin- everyone is naturally a sinner First great awakening- series of revivals, first wave of evangelicals George Whitefield- preacher in the great awakening Jonathon Edwards- author of “sinners in the hands of an angry god” Second Great Awakening- continued to spread the spirit in the south CBN, 700 CLUBPentecostals
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