World Religions Vocabulary List Exam IIIslam: Islam means what in what language? – Islam means submission in Arabic and signifies the commitment of its adherents to live in total submission to God.Hanifs – ‘pious ones’, who were people who concurred with Jews and Christians in their ethical monotheism. 570 – Birth of Muhammad.What are the 2 major branches of Islam? What is the majority? Where do these two branches take their names? – The two major branches are Sunni and Shi’a, the majority are Sunni. They take their name from the Sunnah or tradition of the prophet Muhammad. mi’raj – The prophet’s journey to heaven. Translated to ‘night journey.’Hijrah – The prophet’s migration from Mecca to establish a community in medina in 622 CE. In dates, the abbreviation AH stands for ‘year of the hijrah’ (the starting point of the Islamic dating system.Qiblah – direction of prayer.caliph/amir – From the Arabic hlalifah (‘one who represents or acts on behalf of another’). The caliph was the Prophet’s successor as the head of the Muslim community; the position became institutionalized in the form of the caliphate, which lasted from 632 to 1924.Qu’ran – ‘sent down’ to the prophet Muhammad over a period of 23 years. the heavenly book for the Muslims that carry what they believe the eternal Word of God.Status of Qu’ran (p.218) - the heavenly book for the Muslims that carries what they believe the eternal Word of God.Tafsir – this is the term for commentary on the Qur’an, means ‘unveiling’ or elucidating the meaning of a text.Iman/kufr – iman means faith, trust, and a personal sense of safety and well being in God’s providential care, mercy, and justice. Kufr is the opposite of iman, meaning rejection of faith. Meaning knowing the truth but willfully denying or obscuring it by actsof rebellion against the law of God.Why is hadith considered so important? – Hadith is the most important component of Sunnah because it is the most direct expression of the Prophet’s opinions or judgments regarding the community’s conduct.Sunnah – legal manuals, six collections topically organized, beginning with the laws governing the rituals of worship and continuing with the laws regulating the social, political, and economic life of the community.Halal – means lawful, one of the five categories in the scope of the Islamic law (obligatory).Haram – means unlawful, one of the five categories in the scope of the Islamic law (forbidden).Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi’I – wrote first systematic treatise. He developed a legal system. He said that the religion should rely exclusively on the Book of God and the Sunnah of God’s Prophet. Abu Nasr al-Farabi – one of the greatest Islamic philosophers of all time. Known as “TheSecond Teacher.” He wrote the novel The Necessity of the Art of the Elixir.Mahdi – ‘the rightly guided one’. The Shi’I twelfth Imam, understood in his role as the ‘rightly guided one’ who will emerge from hiding at some unspecified future date to restore righteousness and order to the world. Rumi – most creative poet of the Persian language. He made the Mathnawi, which is a collection of nearly 30,000 verses.Dhimmis – ‘protected people’: non-Muslim religious minorities accorded tolerated status in Islamic society.5 pillars of Islam – The shahadah (the profession of faith through which one becomes Muslim), regular worship (including participation in all five of the obligatory daily prayers), almsgiving, the Ramadan fast, and participation in the annual pilgrimage to Mecca. Shahadah (be able to produce the two statements) – The Muslim profession of faith in God as the only god, and in Muhammad as God’s prophet. “I bear witness that there is nogod except God, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of God.” In-sha’ Allah - Zakat – the prescribed welfare tax; 2.5 per cent of each Muslim’s accumulated wealth, collected by central treasuries in earlier times but now donated to charities independently of state governments. Sadaquh – Alms given voluntarily, in addition to the zakat.Id al-Fitr – The holiday celebrating the end of the Ramadan fast; the festival traditionally begins following the sighting of the new moon.Hajj – The annual pilgrimage to Mecca. 4 essential features of a mosque – a fountain for washing hands, face and feet upon entering; a large area for kneeling and prostration in prayer; a pulpit from which the leader of Friday noon worship delivers the sermon; and an imageless niche in the middle of the wall closet to Mecca, indicating the Qiblah. Mohamed Zakariya - 2 types of Jihad – struggle in defense of the faith; some jihads are military, waged in response to threats to the community’s security or welfare; others are spiritual, waged to improve moral conduct in society.Hijab – A woman’s veil or head covering.Does the Quran mention the hijab? What does it mention? – No it does not refer at all to the hijab. It only demands that woman dress modestly, in the following verse it mentions that males should do this as well. Hinduism:JHinduism - shares it's name with what other major "term" and derives from what? To what does it refer? – Hinduism shares its name with the term “India” and it is derived from ‘Sind’, which is the name of the region of the river Sindhu. Santana dharma – means literally eternal faith.Dharma – the closest word to meaning religion to the Hindus. To the Hindus the word means righteousness, justice, faith, duty, and a religious and social obligation.2700 BCE – Evidence of the Indus Valley civilization.Mohenjo Daro – This is a town that was thought to be on the banks of the Indus River, the name translates to ‘Mound of the Dead’. This is one of the first ancient Hindu developed towns that interacted with the other, Harappa.Vedas – considered the most authoritative texts of Hindu, they are the earliest surviving Indo-European compositions. Collectively they are known as shruiti.Rig Veda – the earliest section of the Rig Veda, it contains 1,028 hymns. Upanishads – each Veda has this, these are philosophical works, this word directly translates to ‘sitting near [the teacher].’What is unique about the Atharva Veda? – The Atharva Veda differs from the other three Vedas in that it includes material that scholars consider non-Aryan, such as incantations and remedies to ward off illness and evil
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