FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE I ISLAM a What does Islam mean derived from Arabic word meaning submission i This is the attitude Muslims are required to adopt towards Allah ii Complete submission surrender to the will of God pervades Islamic thought and practice infusing everyday life with a strong ethos of devotional piety As seen in two of the Five Pillars of Islam 1 Salat daily prayer 2 Hajj pilgrimage b Story of Muhammad s Call c 5 Pillars of Islam i Called by the angel Gabriel to recite the Qur an and spread the stories one day while in seclusion in a cave on Mount Hira during Ramadan ii Mi raj night journey traveling from Mecca to Jerusalem in the course of one night and then ascending to heaven There he met some of the earlier prophets and was granted an audience with God i Bearing Witness Shahadah central creedal affirmation that Muslims make when accepting Islam into their lives as their professed religion 1 Declare There is no god except Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of God 2 Signify membership in ummah Muslim community but important part of everyday prayer as well ii Prayer Salat two dimensions individual prayer 5x daily and congregational prayer on Fridays 1 Individual prayer held at dawn noon mid afternoon sunset and after dark iii Almsgiving Zakat required to share material blessings of their lives with poor by contributing to an obligatory welfare tax traditionally 2 5 of one s accumulated wealth 1 Purpose increase the revenues of Islamic rules to fund state initiatives ensure equal distribution of wealth to preven poverty promote generosity and gratitude in lives of Muslim minimize greed iv Ramadan month long fast from dawn to sunset for cleansing and purification relations 1 Complete abstinence from food drink smoking and sexual v Pilgrimage Hajj annual pilgrimage of Muslims from around the world to visit holy cities of Mecca and Medina at least once in lifetime 1 Ka ba first house of worship built by Abraham and Ishamel in the Mecca Grand Mosque of Mecca a Houses the actual rock upon which Prophet Abraham was going to sacrifice his son Ishmael before being stopped by an angel d Shi a Ali i Believed Muhammad had appointed son in law Ali to succeed him ii Followed Ali and his family Imans e Sunni sunnah i Majority of Muslims ii Those who follow sunnah traditions of Prophet iii Believed he had not designated a successor f Caliphs i Khalifah someone who represents or acts on behalf of another ii Abu Bakr Khalifat rasul Allah Successor off the Messenger of God iii Caliph religious leader chief or administrative head of the community g Prophets and messengers i God operates through prophets messengers sent 124 000 Prophets 1 26 named in Qur an ii Prophet Nabi sent by God to particular society and particular time iii Messenger Rasul Prophet but message is universally binding sacred warner law shari ah 1 5 messenger prophets Noah Jesus Abraham Moses Muhammad iv Every messenger is a prophet Not every prophet is a messenger h Halal Haram Hadith Figh i Halal lawful and obligatory i e prayer ii Haram unlawful and forbidden i e adultery iii Hadith sayings important part of the Sunnah traditions about prophet Muhammad 1 Must be accompanied by chain of oral transmission isnad 2 6 canonical collections organized topically social political and economic life of the community iv Fiqh Jurisprudence theoretical and systematic aspect of Islamic law 1 Consisting of the interpretation and codification of the shari ah sacred law 2 4 Sources Qur an Sunnah Personal Reasoning Ijtihad General Consensus ijma i Sufi Islamic Mystical Tradition Jesus i Early mystics wore garment of coarse wool over bare skin in emulation of ii Emphasis on devotional piety take rituals to new levels iii Ascetics those who shun the world and its pleasures zuhhads as well as weepers who shed tears in fear of God s punishment and in yearning for God s rewards iv Early female mystic Adawiyah of Basra 1 Example of transformation of ascetic piety into mysticism spent life in mystical contemplation Love of God both passionate and spiritual v Dhikr remembrance of God 1 In public or private usually before dawn or evening prayer repetition of name God Allah Shadadah a Shadadah there is no god except God vi Rumi most creative poet product of multicultural and multi religious environment 1 Met wandering Sufi named Shams of Tabriz total bromance Shams leaves poem love for Sun Shams in Arabic 2 Mathnawi Couplets evokes the human soul s longing for God j Ramadan Lunar calendar i Fast from day break to sundown for a month ii Complete abstence from food and drink smoking and sexual relations iii Id al Fitr 3 day celebration at end exchange presents 1 congregational prayer performed at the end of the Ramadan fast k Jihad struggle or striving i Occupies personal interpersonal and communal striving of Muslims to purify their heart ii Western world connotes term with notion of Holy War iii iv Outer Jihad striving to make one s society more Islamic Inner Jihad struggle to make oneself more Islamic II HINDUISM a What does Hindu mean Where does it originate i Derived from Indus River denotes regional area ii Essentially meet religion of Indians who were not Muslims fusion of Indigenous Indus Valley religion and Indo European immigrants 1 Umbrella term b The Bhagavad Gita i 18 chapters of conversation in Mahabharata between Krishna and Arjuana ii Discuss right behavior nature of God and the human soul indestructible iii Main part of story struggle among the descendants of a king named and liberation Bharata 1 Pandavas vs Kauravas c 3 Ways of Liberation Margas to Moksha i Karma yoga way of action unselfish performance of duty without expectation for reward avoiding accumulation of karma ii Jnaha Yoga Way of Knowledge scriptural knowledge as a means to gain transforming insight into nature of universe destroying past karma iii Bhakti Yoga Way of Devotion surrender to deity for absolution of sins 1 Hanuman monkey God ideal for Bhakti yoga devotee of Rama and Sita of caste d Laws of Manu dharmashastras foundation of later Hindu Law roles and duties i Brahmins Priests and teacher only group authorized to teach Vedas ii Kshatriyas rulers and warriors iii Vaishyas Merchants iv Shudras Servants e Puja worship key ritual of theistic devotional or popular Hinduism to receive divine blessings i At home in small shrines large temple complex ii Parsana auspicious sight of the deity offering to the deity exchange glances iii Prasada receiving blessed
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