Judaism Terms Israel ancient according to the Torah God promised the land of Israel to the three Patriarchs of the Jewish people Israelites originally a wandering people Judah Judea the biblical Roman and modern name of the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel Jerusalem One of the oldest cities in the world holy to three major Abrahamic religions Claimed by both Israelis and Palestinians as their capital David Solomon United Monarchy David and Solomon were the second and third kings of the Jewish Kingdom before Saul worked to unite the 12 tribes and have them act as a single monarchy Torah A word meaning teaching or instruction applied most specifically to the Law of Moses the Pentateuch but may also refer to the entire scripture including commentaries Zoroastrianism nominally monotheistic religion with dualistic overtones Ahura Mazada is the supreme creator of god of the Zoroastrians wise lord Eschatology the branch of theology concerned with last things such as death judgment heaven and hell the destiny of human beings or the end of the world from the Greek meaning study of the end Talmund central text of the Rabbinic Judaism Two versions Babylonian more authoritative and Jerusalem Jewish law and tradition Sabbath The seventh day of the week observed since ancient times as a day of rest from ordinary activity Passover The major spring festival of agricultural rebirth and renewal given a historical dimension by association with the hasty departure of the Israelites from Egypt under Moses leadership Elijah the prophet who hadn t died but rather was carried to heaven in a fiery chariot Will be the forerunner of the Messiah upon his return which is why a chair is left open for him during Passover Moses A Jew raised by the Egyptian Pharaoh s daughter significant because he eventually delivers the Jewish people from slavery Said to be the author of the Torah Sees the burning bush where YHWH s name is given and is the recipient of the 613 commandments on Mount Sinai Yom Kippur The day of atonement ten days after Rosh Hashanah the day for the most solemn reflection and self examination Exodus The migration of Hebrews from Egypt under the leadership of Moses later understood to mark the birth of the Israelite nation Shema the most important Jewish prayer conducted in the morning and evening Midrash commentary on scripture Maccabean Revolt Seleucids came into Jerusalem and made their temple a cult place disregarding the Jewish religion A group of fighters fought the Seleucids and recaptured Jerusalem and then expanded its boundaries Hellenization Greek influence began when Alexander the Great conquered the Jewish people Sadducees The priestly class whose job it was to run the Temple Not a good job because of the Roman rule Temple centered piety Believed the best way to respond to Rome is to obey Pharisees the teaching class who believed in making their whole life a living sacrifice Please God by following the letter of the law Rabbis come from this Pharisee movement Zealots Radical militant class Respond to Romans by killing them Sacarris were assassins Essenes Radical ascetics Lived in the desert at Qumran authors of the Dead Sea Scrolls Thought the best way to respond to the Romans was to leave Apocalyptic Apocalypse From the Greek for unveiling the Latin equivalent is revelation the final battle between the forces of darkness and light expected at the end of time Apocalyptic literature flourished in the Hellenistic era Reform Judaism Movement to modernize Jewish Life retaining the religious core of Judaism but eliminating many differences from Gentiles in everyday life Babylon Exile The deportation of Jewish leaders from Jerusalem to Mesopotamia by the conquering Babylonians in 586 BCE disrupting local Israelite political ritual and agricultural institutions it marked the transition from Israelite religion to Judaism Monotheism The doctrine that there is only one God Tanakh An acronym referring to the entire Hebrew Bible Torah or law Nevi im or prophets and Ketuvim or sacred writings Persia Cyrus the Great was the Persian king who allowed the Jewish people to go back and rebuild their temple Allowed him to stay in control of the Jewish people and began a priestly class centered on temple worship and ritual Second Temple Rebuilt with the permission of Cyrus the Great New understandings of the Torah understood to have preexisted the world Tradition of the elders becomes the Oral Torah midrash and Judaism becomes universalized YHWH is the God of anyone you don t have to be born Jewish to be Jewish Medieval philosophy Jewish philosophy thrived under Saladin the Muslim ruler Maimonides Rabbis Moses ben Maimon a Jewish philosopher Wrote the famous code of Jewish Law Mishneh Torah Conservative Judaism Jews who keep some of the requirements of the Mosaic Law but allow for adaptation of other requirements as some of the dietary laws to fit modern circumstances Abraham First of the three biblical patriarchs of Israel his story is told through chapter 11 25 of the Book of Genesis YWHW formed the covenant with Abraham Synagogue From the Greek meaning assembly or gathering the local place of congregational worship which became central to Judaism after the destruction of the Jerusalem temple Judaism Ideas 1 Judaism was the belief system of a particular place 2 The Babylonian Exile was a watershed event 3 The Torah has been a tool of both imperial control and resistance to imperial control 4 Early sectarianism was due to differing responses to Roman rule Sadducees Pharisees Zealots Essenes 5 Loss of the Second Temple initiated Rabbinic Judaism home of YHWH destroyed perhaps abandoned the Jewish people lead to YHWH being everywhere 6 One of the elements of Medieval Judaism was philosophy 7 Modern branches of Judaism came as a result of the European Enlightenment conservative reformed Christianity Terms Apocalyptic describing or prophesying the complete destruction of the world Resembling the end of the world momentous or catastrophic Day of the LORD a biblical term and theme used in both the Hebrew Bible Old Testament and the New Testament A related expression is the Great Day as in The sun shall be turned into darkness and the moon into blood before the great and the terrible day of the LORD come Messiah anointed one or ideal future leader Jesus Central figure of Christianity son of God The Christ The Greek translation of the Hebrew word for messiah anointed Christology the
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