Final study Guide REL 1300 Theory Chapter 1 Know the Geertz Asad and Winch articles Geertz Religion was away for people to find meaning in the world ethos ritual meaning thought Winch Put religion in evolutionary term Asad Geertz was wrong no universal definition of religion because things change meaning is created through institutions of power Indigenous Traditions Chapter 2 The Dogon Tradition Believe that Amma is their supreme being and he began the task of creating the world but left it to be completed by spirits known as Nummo who was also created by Amma Dream Time the physical landscape of the universe and the sacred traditions that describe it Ghost Dance a dance done while wearing ghost shirts that were supposed to permit them entry into the new world Jewish Traditions Chapter 3 Tanakh the entire Hebrew Bible broken up into 3 sections Teaching Torah Nevi im Prophets Ketuvim Writings Mezuza a piece of parchment inscribed with specific verses from the Torah it is put on the doorpost Mitzvah A commandment in the Roman era the rabbis identified exactly 613 specific commandments mitzvot in the Torah Know the ritual calendar Jewish holidays describing the Jewish Sabbath festivals and other observances throughout the year Weekly Torah reading describing the annual cycle of Torah readings on the Sabbaths of the year First century sects Sadducees Pharisees Essenes Zealots Samaritans Christians Jewish thought in the Hellenistic Period contact with Greek culture challenged their concept of God new ways of understanding and explaining Judaism were formed Synagogue Local place of worship Midrash Interpretation or commentary on scripture Mishnah Summary of oral law also know as the oral torah Talmud Essentially a collection of stories and rabbinic commentary on Torah Halakha Legal material in the Talmud Aggadah Anecdotal or narrative material from Talmud Rabbinic Judaism Ordained priesthood as rabbis worship was done in the synagogue scriptural texts rose to a higher level of authority due to the loss of the temple Zohar A principal text of Kabbalah has a special mystical agenda describes God as an unlimited divine principle Hasidism Pious ones the mystically inclined followers of the Baal Shem Tov Kashrut Set of dietary laws Reform Judaism Reform movement centered in Germany and sought to minimize conversions by creating a new kind of religious Jewish life 1 synagogue services resembled church services 2 3 vernacular prayers and sermons introduction of western musical instruments Conservative Judaism Examined traditional practices to see if their retention could be justified Orthodox Judaism Emphasizes the preservation of Jewish tradition Tefillin Small black leather boxes containing scripture tied to forehead and forearm Sabbath The seventh day of the week day of rest from ordinary activity Exile Deportation of Jewish leaders from Jerusalem to Mesopotamia by the Babylonians marks the transition from Israelite to Judaism Christian Traditions Chapter 4 Synoptic Gospels Matthew Mark Luke contain many of the same stories Differences between the gospels Mark is thought to be the earliest of the gospels Luke contains two chapters of material not found in Mark Matthew aims to persuade Jewish audiences about Jesus and John recounts Jesus life and declares his identity as the messiah Marcion Reasoned that the Christian scriptures should not include the Old Testament Gnostics Material world to be the evil result of a fall from pure spiritual existence Constantine Wanted one system of beliefs Creed Formal statement of doctrinal belief often recited in unison by congregations Icon From the Greek word image a distinctive Byzantine form of portraiture used to depict Jesus Mary and the saints Nestorian See Christ as two separate persons one divine one human Monophysite See Christ as one person only devine Puritanism Calvinist movement that sought to purify the church of England of Catholic influences Reformed Churches Calvinist in doctrine and often Presbyterian in governance Pietism Spontaneity of devotion and a confident certainty of forgiveness over against institutional rigidly Pentecostal Churches Modern Protestant groups that emphasize speaking in tongues Holiness Churches Protestant churches that believe that their member have already received holiness as a gift from God Trinity God in three persons the Father the Son the Holy Spirit Transubstantiation Catholic doctrine that at the moment of consecration in the Eucharistic service the bread and wine are miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Christ Council of Nicaea Christian bishops settlement of the nature of the song of God and their relationship Council of Constantinople Made efforts to attain consensus in the church through an assembly Filioque Controversy and date Between Greek and Latin Christianity political differences in theology date 867 1054 Catholic Largely recognized through the Roman Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Various churches that refused to accept Rome s claim to supremacy Relic Part of the body or personal paraphernalia of a venerated individual Scholasticism School of thought devoted to understanding scripture through reason Martin Luther and Lutheranism Monk who wrote the 95 theses and made the claim that Christians did not need intermediary thing between them and God Calvinism The human approach to God is both intellectual and spiritual Protestant Reformation Schism within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther John Calvin and protestant reformers Camino de Santiago Pilgrimage Excommunication Formal explanation from the church Mendicant orders Medieval religious orders operating in the cities and towns rather than in monasteries set apart from them Members worked and begged for a living originally as a protest against the monasteries wealth Rosary a necklace made up of 58 beads and a crucifix Canon A standard a list of books acknowledged as the scripture Muslim Traditions Chapter 5 The Five Pillars You don t need to know them in Arabic 1 Faith or belief in the Oneness of God and the finality of the prophethood of Muhammad 2 Establishment of the daily prayers 3 Concern for and almsgiving to the needy 4 Self purification through fasting and 5 The pilgrimage to Makkah for those who are able Sunni Islam Muslims who trace succession to the Prophet s authority through the caliphate which lasted until the twentieth century the larger of the two main divisions of Islam accounting for about five
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