Unit 2 Dr George Bates Plants and People Chapter 1 The Place of Plants in the Tree of Life Why study plants They make us feel happy They produce an amazing assortment of chemicals We cannot live without them To help conserve endangered plants and threatened environments To learn more about the natural world To better harness the abilities of plants to provide us with resources Photosynthesis the process that supports life on this planet it created the food that we ear and the oxygen that we breathe carbon dioxide water SUNLIGHT sugars oxygen 1994 1996 there was ethnic genocide that occurred in Rwanda a small country in Africa 500 000 Tutsi were murdered and another 1 million left the country the overthrew and government and started over Rwanda is one of the most densely populated nations in the world population tripled between 1960 and 2010 there was about 2 3 of an acre per person 82 of the land is cultivated In the US 7 8 acres per person and agricultural yields are 3 4 times higher per acre iclicker What was the conflict in Rwanda about a Ethnic intolerance b Religion c Resources An estimate states that we will have to increase production by 70 in order to support the population that is constantly growing in the world Per capita food production has increased in all parts of the world except Africa Food production is growing higher than the population which is a good thing because it means we are keeping up in the game Plant growth is often limited by drought and water availability Productivity also depends on the availability of fertilizer What is a plant 3 things make up a plant Plants are green this is their mode of nutrition they make their own food through photosynthesis Plants do not move their cellular structure and organization they have cell walls Plants have flowers their mode of reproduction through spores Iclicker Are Fungi plants a Yes b No Carl Linnaeus No although they have a lot of features just like plants They don t move reproduce through spores they have cell walls they eat other plants and organic matter in the soil 18th century Swedish doctor and naturalist laid the foundation for current biological classification systems The Binomial system genus species Classification of plants based on reproductive structures Polynomial a long list of scientific names for one species vs Binomial 2 name system Classified all organisms into categories Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Species a group of organisms that can interbreed and form offspring Linneaus classified only 2 kingdoms plantae and animals but since then it has been further classified into Kingdoms Plant Animals Fungi Bacteria Protista Organisms are classified based on their evolutionary related ness genetic Life began about 3 5 billion years ago bya Photosynthesis occurred about 3 bya Bacteria separated from other groups 2 bya Complex organisms evolve from bacteria 1 5 bya Plants animals and Fungi separated 1 bya Green plants separate about 1 bya o Green algea invaded the land 450 million years ago mya mosses o Plants began to change transport tissues 400 mya o Then they started developing leaves 375 mya ferns o Seeds and pollen changes in reproduction about 350 mya gymnosperms o Flowers and fruits that dominate earth today appear on plants about 150 mya angiosperms Chapter 2 The Features of Plant Cells and How Plants Function Physically Topics How are plants cells different than those of animals Photosynthesis respiration and the carbon cycle What is our energy Future World energy use is HIGHLY rising Burning fossil fuels is raising the earth s temperature due to carbon dioxide emission it get s trapped in the earth s atmosphere and causes the temperature to rise Protect the environment by using renewable energy solar nuclear power biomass taking plant matter for energy hydroelectric and wind Biomass One example Taking corn kernels fermenting them and then using the alcohol as ethanol for our car fuel Another way using algae for oil extraction but this method is VERY expensive 8 per gallon Advantage renewable oil sources reduce CO2 emissions but some sources are better than others Crop Corn Product Alcohol vs gas CO2 Emissions 85 of existing US crop land needed to meet half US fuel demands 200 Crop algae product biodiesel vs gas CO2 Emissions Iclicker What is the ultimate source of energy for life on earth the sun the earth a b c oil coal and natural gas d plants Plants transform that sun energy into energy humans can use through photosynthesis Cell Theory all organisms are composed of cells the cell is the basic unit of life and all cells arise form preexisting cells Scientific theory as close as we come to a fact a well confirmed broad explanation of a natural phenomenon based on knowledge that has been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experimentation Scientific hypothesis an idea that is testable for explaining why something happens All living things are made of cells cell membrane protects the cell nucleus holds all the DNA cytoplasm gel like structure all around the cell Additional plant cell structures o Cell wall gives plant cells their shape and holds neighboring cells together o Chloroplast where the chlorophyll and where photosynthesis happens move around the cell carbon dioxide and water combine together to make sugars for growth and energy which is driven by sun energy oxygen is released in the atmosphere through this process Transpiration process by which A LOT of water is released through plant leaves Plants need to manage their water use and they do this through pores Guars cells in the leaf surface create pores Stomates allow for co2 uptake and also prevent water loss Xylem to move water plants have a plumbing system Phloem moves the sugars that are made by photosynthesis in the leaves down to the roots Plant cell walls are composed of long chains of sugars called Cellulose Some organisms with certain bacteria can digest cellulose others can t o Wood is 60 cellulose The carbon dioxide that comes into plants from the atmosphere is recycled Animals get their carbon by eating plant matter higher level consumers eat those other smaller animals who eat the plant matters and get their carbon matter that way Photosynthesis co2 h2o sunlight sugars co2 Respiration sugars co2 co2 h2o energy Iclicker Which is the following correctly describes the process of respiration a sugars co2 o2 h2o energy b h2o co2 energy o2 sugars sugars o2 co2 h2o energy c d sugars energy co2 o2
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