Physiology Review Chapter 1 What is physiology Physiology The science of biological function Biological function is intimately related to structure Homeostasis maintaining a constant internal environment in an organism examples 1 maintenance of body temperature despite changes in environmental 2 variations in heat production by the body 3 maintenance of blood glucose concentration despite changes in dietary composition Pathophysiology disease The reason that physiological systems fail to work normally and fail to maintain homeostasis Disease Research helps families monetarily and emotionally Studying Pathophysiology and physiology together help us to better understand disease mechanisms and find cures for disease Chapter 2 Blood What system is blood apart of Circulatory system particularly the cardiovascular system Even though blood is a fluid why can it be considered a connective tissue Connects cells throughout our body Carries oxygen glucose or carbon dioxide to organs Major cellular components of blood and their function White blood cells red blood cells plasma and platelets but made up mostly of water Turns to a gel and clots up to limit blood loss from small wounds Red Blood Cells 1 RBC s are the most numerous cells in the blood 2 They transport O2 O2 molecules move into and out of RBC s by diffusion which is the net movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration by the random motions of molecules colliding with other molecules 3 Because RBC s do not have a nucleus they cannot divide and reproduce White blood cells leukocytes components of our immune system there are many types of WBC don t have to know them all How is CO2 transported in the body It s transported in red blood cells in the form of carbonic acid H2CO3 and bicarbonate HCO3 The CO2 is converted to H2CO3 by hemoglobin Diffusion The mechanism for transport between blood plasma and the cytoplasms of RBC s Major components of blood plasma and their function Mostly water but contains many other types of ions and molecules Hemoglobin Accounts for most of the protein in red blood cells Closely related to myoglobin Myoglobin Oxygen storage protein in the muscle What is a cell general features A cell is the basic unit of life Hematocrit The percentage of blood volume that occupies Red Blood Cells Typical values are 45 for males and 40 for females Plasma makes up almost the rest of your blood that isn t RBC if you re RBC is 42 then the plasma in your blood will make up almost 58 of your blood Most abundant molecule in blood plasma is water but also has electrolytes small molecules protein lipids and antibodies Heat Transport and Regulation of Body Temperature Blood retains heat when it s cold and allows heat to escape when it s hot thus helping the body maintain the same body temperature regardless of the external environment Sickle Cell Disease Causes red blood cells to become crescent shaped and prevents them from changing shape as it passes through small blood vessels It shortens the cells durability and life time clicker question Sickle cell disease is due to a mutation in HEMAGLOBIN which leads to clumping of that protein and a change of shape in RED BLOOD CELLS Cancer Occurs when cells multiply at an abnormally rapid rate Leukemias involve high numbers of white blood cells Metastasis When cancer starts in one area of the body but then cancer cells go through the blood and spread cancer to another part of the body Lymph Not blood and vice versa but it is very closely related physiologically Lymph is the fluid that collects in the lymphatic system as interstitial fluid and eventually turns into lymph as it flows through the lymphatic system which includes lymph nodes Lymph nodes are an important part of the immune system because they contain a lot of white blood cells And eventually the lymph is returned to mix with the blood in the cardiovascular system Chapter 3 Cardiovascular System Circulatory System Relationship between the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system The Heart What does the right side do Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where the blood is deoxygenated What does the left side do Pumps oxygenated blood to all other parts of the body What are the chambers of the heart There are 4 2 atria left and right and 2 ventricles left and right Left side is more muscular The valves of the heart which are located at the exits and entrances of the ventricles are the reason that blood flows only in one direction Electrical Cardiac Cycle The heart has it s own electrical timer it can beat on its own even outside of a body This signal initiates in the Sinoatrial node which is a region of specialized cells of the right atrium Essentially the Sinotrial node is the hearts pace maker Mechanical Cardiac Cycle physical pumping Triggered by the Electrical Cardiac Cycle There are two phases 1 diastole the non contractile phase of the cardiac cycle when cardiac muscle is relaxed when the heart fills with blood systole when contraction occurs and blood is pumped 2 Stroke volume The amount of blood pumped during each beat depends on how much blood enters the heart during diastole Vasculature All of the blood vessels in the body that carry blood The 3 main types are arterial blood vessels capillaries and venous blood vessels Traveling of blood to organs Blood enters the right side gets reoxygenated and then exits through the left entering the arterial vascular then the capillaries goes through the organs and goes back into the right side of the heart using venous blood cells Atherosclerosis the thickening of an arterial wall due to build up of fats including cholesterol Blocks blood vessels Myocardial infarction heart attack and stroke Atherosclerosis in arteries in the heart muscle causes heart attack Atherosclerosis in arteries in the brain causes stroke Heart Failure A serious but non fatal heart attack with substantial damage may lead to heart failure A conditions where the hearts ability to pump is reduced Lymphatic System The series of vessels and lymph nodes that lymph fluid moves through as it travels from tissue Structurally separate from the cardiovascular system They are totally separate and together to the cardiovascular system they make up the circulatory system The lymphatic system is different than the cardiovascular system because it does not have its own dedicated pump Lymph does not circulate within a certain circuit Important part of the immune system
View Full Document
Unlocking...