Movement and Physiology Learning Objectives Kari Sanders Chapter 1 structure Physiology is the science of biological function function is closely related to Be able to relate physiological processes and structures at various scales molecule cell tissue organ organ system and human organism Define homeostasis recognize and briefly explain common examples o Homeostasis o Examples of Homeostasis running is an acute short term change in the maintenance of a constant internal environment despite external changes or changes caused by variation in biological activity within cells tissues and organs internal environment that leads to homeostatic changes in oxygen delivery to and carbon dioxide removal from muscle Demand for oxygen mean an increase in oxygen delivery to the leg muscles while running heat production by the body variations in glucose use by cells maintenance of blood glucose concentration breathing rate and changes in metabolism maintenance of body temperature variations of o Homeostatic mechanisms Explain the importance of understanding both normal physiology and pathophysiology o Pathophysiology disease many reasons for why physiological systems fail to work normally and fail to maintain homeostasis over the full range of physiological conditions external causes of disease such as infection or internal causes such as genetic mutations Describe the benefits of biomedical research for individuals families and society o To reduce disease because of the physical emotional and financial toll on those affected by the disease and their family and friends o Understand disease mechanism o Find treatments and cure o Understand our body s response to disease Chapter 2 it s a fluid Blood is part of the circulatory system specifically cardiovascular system Describe why blood can be considered a type of connective tissue even though o Blood is considered a connective tissue because it connects cells throughout our body as it continuously circulates within our blood vessels o Transport molecules such as oxygen glucose and carbon dioxide chemical signals like hormones and other functions that require blood to heal wounds and fight infections Know the major cellular components of blood the major components of blood plasma and their function o Blood is a fluid being mainly water the two major components in blood are cells which most are red and a clear fluid where the cells are suspended called plasma o Blood is made up of blood plasma white blood cells platelets and red blood cells o Blood plasma is most abundant in water then electrolytes that are ions either charged Na Cl HCO2 Plasma also contains dissolved gases like O2 CO2 and N2 hormones lipids metabolic wastes and blood proteins Describe the general features of a cell and know that cells are the basic units of life o A cell is surrounded by a membrane composed of lipids arranged in a bilayer structure surrounds a cell cell membranes also contain proteins The membrane separates itself inside the cell from the external environment o Inside the cell is the cytoplasm liquid that is mostly water and other molecules and structures that vary among the many different types of cells Be able to describe the physiological significance of hematocrit o Hematocrit the percentage of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells it can change in predictable ways due to a normal process or by disease o A person s hematocrit increases within people who spend times in high altitude places Explain how cells and molecules inn blood participate in the following functions o of blood to maintain homeostasis o Transport Diffusion is the mechanism for transport of respiratory gasses O2 and CO2 between blood plasma and the cytoplasm of RBC s Each respiratory gas O2 and CO2 is transported in more than one form with an emphasis on the roles of hemoglobin Hb and carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells RBC s RBC s aka erythrocytes are specialized for transporting oxygen RBC s are biconcave with a cytoskeleton for flexible structural support The biconcave shape shortens the diffusion distance for O2 When RBC s are squeezed distorted the distance is even shorter RBC s by diffusion net movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration by the random motion of molecules colliding with other molecules Hemoglobin is the oxygen binding protein in RBC s Hb molecules consist of four polypeptide subunits that can bind up to four O2 o Dissolved in plasma and cytoplasm of blood cells o RBC s are specialized for the transportation of O2 RBC s participates in transport of CO2 Carbonic Anhydrase is a protein enzyme needed for CO2 transport Enzymes are catalysts to speed up reactions and with carbonic anhydrase the reaction is reversible o Dissolved in plasma and cytoplasm of blood cells Nutrients and metabolic wastes Kidneys filter for removing waste from blood maintains homeostasis by removing wastes and retaining the major electrolytes and water Chemical signals hormones Hormones are produced from the endocrine gland and is in response to a specific stimulus some are proteins and some are bound to proteins o Hormones insulin EPO growth hormone thyroxin steroid sex hormone estradiol testosterone and progesterone o Ex High blood glucose levels triggers insulin release Heat and regulation of body temperature Metabolic reactions results consist of energy new molecules and heat Blood circulates and distributes heat through the body Body maintains homeostasis in body despite environmental temperature Hot day body transports heat to external surface skin Cold day minimize heat loss by reducing blood flow to external surface skin o Fighting infections immune function WBC s aka leukocytes are components of the immune system that defends against infectious agents Leukocytes do not produce Hb and do have a cell nucleus WBC s make up 1 of our blood volume Antibodies are protein components of the immune system major antibodies are called B cells and they don t normally circulate in blood Antibodies are globulin immunoglobulin produced based on what foreign molecules they re exposed to diversity of antibodies prepare to defend us from a wide variety of infections Antibodies recognize foreign agents and prevent the virus from inflecting cells by blocking its ability to latch onto the cell surface also signal WBC s to remove destroy the virus First exposure has a lag time for sufficient antibodies to be produced once exposed it can act rapidly and
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