Plants and People Review Chapter 1 Be able to state the characteristics of green plants They are green because they contain chlorophyll to trap sunlight for photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process by which plants gain carbon and energy fro growth they use the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide form the atmosphere into sugars A second key characteristic of plants is structural plants cannot move because each plant cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall Third the method of plant reproduction differs from that of other organisms plants make flowers fruits and seeds or in the case of ferns and mosses they make spores The combination of how they reproduce their structure and how they get their nutrition and energy is what defines a plant Know that organisms are named according to the binomial system genus In the mid 1700s Carl Linnaeus initiated the use of a two word name genus and species to identify each type of organism and he classified organisms into kingdoms within which each belonged to in descending hierarchal order a phylum class order family genus and species Know that organisms are classified on the basis of their evolutionary genetic species relatedness One really big change since Linnaeus s time is that biologists now classify organisms on the basis of their evolutionary and genetic relatedness and not just their physical features The more closely related two organisms are the more similar they are genetically and the more distantly related they are the more they are genetically dissimilar By determining the DNA sequences of different organisms and comparing them we can classify organisms on the basis of their genetic and hence evolutionary relationships Know that kingdom is the highest most all inclusive grouping of life and be able to name the five kingdoms of life Today biologists group organisms into five kingdoms the bacteria animals fungi protists and plants Know that bacteria were the first organisms to evolve and be able to state the approximate times at which 1 life appeared 2 photosynthesis evolved and 3 the more complex groups of organisms evolved from bacteria know that green land plants evolved separated from the other groups about 1 billion years ago know that animals are more closely related to fungi than they are to plants The organisms most closely related to animals turn out to be the fungi and animals fungi and plants are more closely related to each other than they are to bacteria The first organisms which appeared about 3 5 billion years ago were bacteria By 3 billion years ago some bacteria had evolved photosynthesis Because of photosynthesis the earth s atmosphere slowly accumulated oxygen the original atmosphere contained no free oxygen which permitted more complex organisms to evolve Multicellular organisms evolved from bacteria about 1 5 billion years ago and around 1 billion years ago plants fungi and animals evolved The green plant kingdom was among the first organisms to colonize dry land and that process began about 450 million years ago Chapter 2 Know that all living things are composed of cells and that the cell is the basic unit of life each cell is surrounded by a cell membrane and each cell contains a nucleus and cytoplasm Each cell is surrounded by a thin lipid membrane the cell membrane which controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell Inside the cell membrane are the cytoplasm and the nucleus where the genetic material DNA is located The cytoplasm is where most of the cell s activities take place The nucleus is the cell s control center Know that plant cells have all the components found in animal cells but in addition have a cell wall on the outside of the cell membrane and chloroplasts where photosynthesis takes place in the cytoplasm Plant cells have two additional structures not found in animals the cell wall immediately outside the cell membrane and the chloroplasts in the cytoplasm Chloroplasts are green because they contain the pigment chlorophyll which absorbs the sunlight that drives photosynthesis Know the function of the cell wall The cell wall provides the plant cell with structural strength and rigidity Be able to state the overall chemical reaction of photosynthesis CO2 and water are converted into sugars plus oxygen by means of light energy know that this is the reaction that makes life possible bringing carbon into a form that can be used to make the molecules of our bodies and converting sunlight into an energy form that organisms can use In photosynthesis light energy is trapped by the chloroplasts and used to power a chemical reaction in which carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is combined with water to make sugars Oxygen is a gas product of photosynthesis this is the source of the oxygen we breather CO2 H2O Sugars O2 Be able to outline the carbon cycle know that animals obtain their carbon by eating plants and that animals get their energy by digesting plant materials breaking them down to CO2 water through the process of respiration The sugars produced by photosynthesis provide the carbon needed for building all the other chemical compounds in the plant Animals get their carbon and energy by eating plants In the process of respiration animal cells take sugars and other food molecules that they have eaten and combine them with oxygen to release energy In the carbon cycle the carbon from the atmosphere passes to plants and then to animals and then back to the atmosphere In the carbon cycle any dead plant or animal matter is broken down to CO2 through the process of respiration by bacteria and fungi in the soil Sugars O2 CO2 H2O Energy Know the functions of the xylem and the phloem of plants The xylem transports water from the roots to the leaves and the phloem transports sugars from the leaves to all the parts of the plant that are not photosynthetic roots interior parts of the stem fruit and flowers Know what transpiration is and its relation to photosynthesis The movement of water from the roots to the leaves and then out to the atmosphere is known as transpiration Know what guard cells and stomates are where they are located and their role in regulating transpiration Plants restrict water loss by having a waxy layer on the surface of the leaf and allowing CO2 uptake and water release only through special pores in the leaf surface known as the stomates Each stomate is surrounded by a pair of guard cells that can swell or shrink to open or close the pore When the soil has plenty of
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