Study guide for Exam Two Abnormal Psychology Chapter 5 Mood Disorders and Suicide Emotion The state of arousal defined by subjective states of feeling as sadness anger disgust Affect Pattern of observable behaviors as facial expression pitch of voice body movement What is the leading cause of disability worldwide Depression 10 of all disability Mood A pervasive and sustained emotional response that can color perception Clinical Syndrome A combination of emotional cognitive and behavioral symptoms Clinical depression pleasure fatigue changes in sleep and appetite Depressed mood accompanied by other symptoms loss of energy loss of Mania Flip side of depression a disturbance in mood Euphoria exaggerated feeling of physical emotion well being Mood disorders behavior is dominated by either a depressed or manic mood defined in terms of episodes discrete periods of time in which the person s Depressive disorder experience of a depressive episode Bipolar mood disorder Episodes of depression and mania SYMPTOMS 1 Depressed or dysphoric Unpleasant mood 2 Euphoria periods of inexplicable unbounded joy 3 4 Anxiety Irritability Cognitive Symptoms 1 Slowed thinking 2 Guilt and worthless 3 Speeded thoughts 4 Grandiosity and inflated self esteem 5 Self destructive ideas suicidal thoughts Somatic Symptoms 1 Aches and pains 2 Changes in sleep and appetite 3 Loss of interest in pleasurable activities 1 Should disorders be defined in a broad or a narrow fashion 2 Heterogeneity all patients differ in set of symptoms pattern of onset and course over time Behavioral Symptoms 1 Psychomotor retardation 2 Gregarious and energetic 3 Easily distracted As if in slow motion Diagnosis There are two primary issues in diagnosing The DSM 5 recognizes two types of mood disorders 1 Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorders Depressive Disorders three main types in adults Major depressive disorder Persistent depressive disorder Dysthymia Premenstrual dysphoric disorder 4th depressive order in children disruptive mood dysregulation disorder Bipolar Disorders all three types of bipolar disorders involve manic or hypomanic episodes Bipolar 1 at least one manic episode Bipolar 2 at least one hypomanic episode no full blown manic episode Cyclothymia Bipolar equivalent of persistent depressive disorder Must experience numerous hypomanic and depressive episodes during a two year period Melancholia a particularly severe type of depression Presence of psychotic features hallucinations or delusions Postpartum onset women who become manic or depressed following pregnancy Seasonal affective disorder response to fewer hours of sunlight episodes are most commonly occur in winter presumably in Course and Outcome Depressive Disorders Average age onset is 32 Length of episodes vary widely Minimum duration is two weeks Remission a period of recovery Relapse a return of active symptoms Approximately half of depressive patients recover in six months Bipolar Disorders Onset usually occurs between ages of 18 and 22 years First onset can be depression or mania Average duration of a manic episode runs between two and three months Long term course if often intermittent Long term prognosis is mixed Frequency Depression is one of the most common forms of psychopathology The lifetime risk of bipolar 1 and 2 disorders combined is close to 4 The ratio of depressive to bipolar disorders is at least 5 1 Mood disorders are most frequent among whom Young and middle aged adults Has the frequency of depression increased in recent years Yes People born after WW2 seem to be more likely to develop mood disorders than people from previous generations Men vs Women Women are two or three times more vulnerable to depression than men Women are more likely than men to present for mental health services Men have more difficulty admitting to subjective feelings of distress Cross Cultural Difference Each culture has its own ways of interpreting reality including expressing or communicating symptoms of physical and emotional disorder Clinical depression is a universal phenomenon Depression is not limited to Western or urban societies China depression is more likely to be described in somatic symptoms such as sleeping problems headaches and loss of energy Causes Onset of clinical depression due to loss of social roles changing views of ourselves disruption failure of normal negative emotion regulation Stressful life events and depressive disorders Major depression precipitated by circumstances as loss of job important people roles Severe events high probability of leading to depression everyday hassles non severe events do not typically lead to depression Cognitive Vulnerability Humans are not only social but thinking organisms Ways in which people perceive think about and remember events influence feelings Negative thoughts about self and pessimistic view of environment maintain depression Some depressed people create difficult circumstances that increase the level of stress Twin studies genes play a more important role in bipolar disorders than depressive disorders Ruminative style more likely in women Distracting style more likely in men Biological Factors Heritability 0 100 Genetics Bipolar mood disorders have heritability of 80 Mood disorders are polygenic influenced by different genes not one Chapter 6 Anxiety and Obsessive Compulsive Disorders Anxiety disorders are the most common type of abnormal behavior Similarities both are defined in terms of negative emotional responses close relationships between symptoms of anxiety and depression stressful life events seem to play a role in the onset of both depression and anxiety Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders People with anxiety disorders share a preoccupation with or persistent avoidance of thoughts or situations that provoke fear or anxiety Anxiety associated with the anticipation of future problems involves more general or diffuse emotional reactions the emotional experience is out of proportion to the threat Fear experienced in the face of real immediate danger Usually builds quickly in intensity Helps behavioral responses to threat Excessive Worry concerned with possible future threats or danger a relative uncontrollable sequence of negative emotional thoughts that are worriers are preoccupied with Self talk Panic Attacks Sudden overwhelming experience of terror or fright Panic is more intense than anxiety has a sudden onset Why a panic attack is sometimes called a false alarm response that is triggered at an
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