Unit 2 Study Guide Plant diversity form and function Chapters 5 19 and lecture notes Plant structure and function lecture notes 1 You should be able to describe the similarities and differences between the cells of plants animals and fungi Fungi Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophic organisms often form symbiotic or parasitic relationships cell walls made of chitin composed of hyphae Plants Multicellular eukaryotic autotrophic organisms cell walls made of cellulose perform photosynthesis Animals Multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophic organisms 2 You should be able to identify the three basic types of plant organs and describe their function see ppt for diagram Roots Helps to anchor the plant in the soil in addition to providing a means of acquiring nutrients from the soil Shoots Provides support for the plant to grow toward the light source also provides a means to transport nutrients from the roots and sugars from the leaves Leaves Performs photosynthesis Reproductive structures Provides a means for reproduction 3 You should be able to describe and identify the three types of plant tissues and be able to describe the functions of each see ppt for diagram Dermal plant skin Ground plant meat Vascular plant circulatory system 4 You should be able to describe and identify notable alterations of the three basic plant organs which will be described in class for various species of plants Bryophytes were the first to develop a cuticle waxy layer that prevents drying out and retain the developing embryo within the mother plant ferns evolved vascular tissues to transport water gymnosperms were the earliest plant to produce seeds and angiosperms were the first to develop flowers 5 You should be able to describe the basic plant life cycle presented in class including what is meant by the phrase alternation of generations The plant life cycle alternates between haploid and diploid generations Embryonic development is seen only in the diploid generation The embryo however is produced by the fusion of gametes which are formed only by the haploid generation Gametes develop in the multicellular haploid gametophyte Fertilization gives rise to a multicellular diploid sporophyte which produces haploid spores via meiosis 6 You should be able to describe and identify the advantages the seeds and fruit confer to the plants that produce them including what groups produce them Seeds and fruit are found in gymnosperms and angiosperms Seeds protect the plant embryo from the environment until conditions are right for the embryo to develop Seeds contained in fruit are aided in dispersal by the animal that eats them and then disperses them Seeds are also spread by the wind This allows angiosperms and gymnosperms to spread more efficiently then other plants 7 You should be able to identify the parts of a flower and describe the advantage that flowers provide for angiosperms see ppt for diagram Sepal Sterile organs that serve as advertisement to pollinators in place of petals Petals Serve as advertisement to pollinators to visit the flower and collect and deposit pollen advantage of flowers Carpel The female parts of the flowers stigma style ovary and ovules Stamen The male parts of the flower anther and filament 8 You should be able to describe and identify the methods that plants use to both attract animals as pollinators and repel herbivores and provide an example of each from those given in class Angiosperms attract animals with their colorful petals by offering a reward of pollen nectar fruit which can be used as energy sources Orchids for example mimic the shape texture and chemical signals of insects in order to attract pollinators insect thinks they re getting to mate Plants also produce many chemical compounds to deter herbivores EX nicotine caffeine morphine citronella etc Photosynthesis the basics pages 82 97 9 You should be able to describe and identify the plant cell organelle that is responsible for accomplishing photosynthesis Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis They are found in plant and algae cells 10 You should be able to describe and identify the basic elements involved in the process of photosynthesis Water Carbon Dioxide with the energy of sunlight Oxygen Glucose Plants Fungi and the move onto land pages 378 388 392 and lecture notes 11 You should be able to describe and identify the differences between algae plants and fungi Algae Mostly unicellular eukaryotic autotrophic organisms that lack the distinct organs found in plants and are NOT considered plants Fungi Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophic organisms often form symbiotic or parasitic relationships cell walls made of chitin composed of hyphae Plants Multicellular eukaryotic autotrophic organisms cell walls made of cellulose perform photosynthesis 12 You should be able to describe and identify the roles that plants and fungi play in ecosystems specifically with regard to trophic interactions Algae form an important part of ecosystems as primary producers because they are autotrophic Plants and green algae are responsible for producing ALL of the oxygen that animals rely on to survive They also form the base of nearly all food chains and provide homes and a structure to ecosystems 13 You should be able to describe and identify the features that have allowed plants to adapt to terrestrial life and in which major lineages of plants they first appeared bryophytes ferns gymnosperms and angiosperms Cyanobacteria developed the ability to photosynthesize ancestors to chloroplasts these organisms diversified and became eukaryotic cells some making their way onto dry land The terrestrial autotrophs then began to develop structures that allowed them to stay in place as well as shoots and leaves The first plants to develop terrestrial adaptations were called bryophytes Next some plants developed vascular tissues and became known as ferns Plants that evolved to produce seeds were called gymnosperms and those that developed flowers were angiosperms Organismal and population ecology Chapter 21 Organismal Ecology notes lecture What is ecology 1 You should be able to define the discipline of ecology in terms of what is studied by ecologists and at what levels of biological interactions the study of ecology is applicable Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment Biological interactions can occur at the individual population community and ecosystem level
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