BSC1005 Vertebrate Biology Unit 3 Exam Study Guide Objective 1 I II Linnaeus made the binomial system of nomenclature 1700s The Basis for Animal Classification a b Every living thing has a scientific name that consists of its genus and its species Natural Selection and Darwin s Four Postulates a 1815 Charles Darwin made the book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection b Natural Selection is the difference between the survival or reproductive success of individuals with specific phenotypes compared to other phenotypes i Phenotype refers to all physical traits ii Genotype refers to all genes that are passed on from generation to generation iii Fitness is the degree ti which an individual contributes genes to future generations survival of the fittest c The four postulates include i The individuals within a species vary ii Some of the variations found in the population are passed on to offspring iii In every generation more offspring are produced than can survive iv The survival and reproductive success of individuals is not random d Sexual Selection i Also proposed by Darwin and in two ways 1 There is a direct competition between males 2 The female does the choosing among many male competitors a Think peacock and tail example III Vertebrate Groups to Know a NOTE WE GET THE CHART ON PAGE 5 IN THE EXAM ROOM KNOW HOW TO READ IT There is no need to memorize all of that b Know that the Amphibia are the Tetrapods which came around in the Devonian Period c Know that the Aves are Birds that came in the Jurassic Period d The group with the greatest number of species is the Ray Finned Fish with 25 000 followed by Birds with 9 000 IV e Vertebrates are simply animals known to have a backbone Rock Layers a Principles of horizontality rock layers that were laid down under the influence of b Superposition youngest rocks are found on top c Principles of faunal succession the further back we go into fossil records the more d Cross cutting if upheaval rock any rock that is coming up would be younger than any gravity different everything looks rock it comes through e Tonic succession doesn t exist Objective 2 The Phylum Chordata a Subphylum vertebrata b All vertebrates shat at some point in their life history i A notochord a slender semi rigd rod that lies along the back of the animal ii Pharyngeal slits the pharynx is a common pathway for breathing and for the intake of food for all vertebrates at some point in their lives have slits or openings on the walls of the pharynx which are called the pharyngeal slits iii Dorsal hollow nerve cord this lies alongside and above the notochord iv Postanal tail an extension of the body past the anus Objective 3 The ostracoderms a The first known vertebrates b Fish that did not have jaws in Cambrian period c Bony shield covering the head and front part of the body and paired fins d From superclass Agnatha includes extinct ostracoderms and living fish that do not e The extinct ostracoderms are thought to be the ancestors of the jawed vertebrates that have jaws include both fish and land animals Include the living hagfish and the class Cephalaspidorphi which includes living lampreys Myxini a b They lack jaws and the notochord of cartilage persists throughout life in both classes c No paired fins and no bone in body d Cartilage is their supporting element including the notochord e They are bottom feeding scavengers f Appeared during the Ordovician period g The class cephalaspidomorphi first appeared in the Carboniferous period and includes the lampreys Objective 4 Jawed fish Superclass Gnathostomata a b Acanthodii Silurian Period were the first jawed fish c They were spiny fish and lasted until the Permian period d Small fish with similarities to bony fish jaw opening and gill cover Three groups of living jawed fish a Chonrichthyes I I II I II i These are fish that do not have any bone in their bodies except for their teeth and scales their whole skeletal systems are composed of cartilage fertilization is internal for these fish they include sharks rays and skates First appeared in the Silurian period b Sarcopterygii often refereed to Osteichthyes literally means bony fish and first appeared in the late Silurian Period Thought to be the direct ancestor of Tetrapods land vertebrates This class includes the lungfish and the ceolacanths Thought that a member of the Superorder Crossopterygii is thought to be the direct ancestor of the amphibians first tetrapods c Actinopterygii ray finned fish i Subclass Chondrocyte fish that did well during the Devonian Period ii Subclass Neopoterygii contains over 25 000 species Class Amphibia a Devonian Period tetrapods b Oldest known animals in class labryunthodonts oldest known member of this group Ichthyostega they were descended rom a Crossopterygian fish ancestor c All other classes are extinct except the Subclass Lissamphibia frogs toads salamanders Class Reptilia a Gave rise to mammals and birds b Appeared in the Carboniferous c Had advantages over amphibians because not tied to water for reproduction d Termed amniotes because extra embryonic membranes birds reptiles and mammals have this membranes i Note anamniotes which are fish and amphibians and they lack these Subclass Lepidosauria lizards and snakes e Subclass Anapsida the turtles f g Subclass Euryapsida extinct marine reptiles h Subclass Archosauria the birds also the ancestors to crocodiles alligators caimans i Subclass synapsida the mammals many extinct forms appeared in the Triassic descended from Synapsid Reptiles Class Aves a Birds b Outnumber all vertebrates with the exception of fish c d Derived from bipedal walk on two legs Archosaurian Reptiles e Most closely related to crocodiles Found in all environments Objective 5 I II Objective 6 I f Birds share the characteristic of endothermy with mammals warm blooded animals i Note ectothermy cold blooded animals animal s temperature varies with the environment Fish amphibians ectotherms Subclass neornithes all other birds g Birds appeared in the Jurassic Period h Subclass archaeornithes extinct birds i Class Mammalia a These are mammals b Three major groups II i Subclass Prototheria egg laying platypuses and Echidna ii Subclass Theria which includes the Infraclass Metatheria which is represented iii by marsupials Infraclass Eutheria which is represented by the placental mammals that we are most familiar with c Notes to remember octracoderms are considered first vertebrates Objective 7 I Reproductive
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