Human Reproductive Technology in the 21st Century Chapter 1 When Does Human Life Begin What is the correct order of the stages of development Pronuclear fusion of sperm and egg Cleavage Degradation of the Zona Pellucida Implantation I A The meeting of two gametes creates a unique combination of genes The First Week Fertilization and Pre Implantation Diploid Zygote i Sperm 22 autosomes 1 X or 1 Y sex chromosome ii Egg cell 22 autosomes 1 X sex chromosome iii Zygote 44 autosomes 2 X or 1 X and 1 Y sex chromosome 1 Zygote 2 Match the cell to its chromosome karyotype Sperm cell Egg cell and A new individual at the one cell stage B Cleavage After fertilization the process of early cell divisions in the development process 1 Once the blastocyst is formed it consists of approximately 100 cells in which 30 34 cells are called the inner cell mass located in the blastocoel while 66 70 cells surround the inner cell mass termed the trophoblast Keep in mind that the ICM cells create the embryo while the cells from the trophoblast create the placenta C Implantation the process where the blastocyst clings itself to the mother s After six days following the start of fertilization blastocysts are formed proceeds to be divide through the cleavage process i sperm must get through the zona pellucida i uterus and buries itself into the uterine lining 1 2 Once ovulation begins the egg will be fertilized in the oviduct then 3 Once the embryo hatches from its shell called the zona pellucida the This results in the formation of the morula and blastocyst If the embryo impants itself before it reaches the uterus it can create a life threatening situation for the mother termed a Tubal Pregnancy 4 Catholicism and Hinduism are the two religious beliefs that consider 1 The three germ layers include Ectoderm skin and nerves Mesoderm conception the first stage of human life Post Implantation The First Trimester During the first trimester four processes occur Morphogenesis differentiation of trophoblast gastrulation and germ layer formation muscle blood blood vessels and Endoderm gut pancreas liver kidneys also is when germ layers and germ cells form 2 Gastrulation the process where differentiation of the embryo begins It II i In which the ICM creates the cells of the embryo and is the collection of pluripotent cells have the potential to become any cell of the body A Once Gastrulation Begins 1 Identical twins are formed by the splitting of an embryo while fraternal twins are the result of the fertilization of more than one egg B Organogenesis the process where organs are formed using the instructions C Fetus that resulted from gastrulation organisms are considered fetus eight weeks after fertilization 1 Organisms are considered embryo s at the time of fertilization while 2 The fetus can be born and survive in the third trimester 27 38 weeks 1 Primary sex characteristics are the internal gonads while the D Sex Determination secondary sex characteristics are external E Consciousness 1 Brainwave activity in the fetus usually begins around week 25 Chapter 2 Fertilization and Assisted Reproduction I 1978 Louise Brown 1 Brown was the first test tube baby as she was conceived on July 25 Problems with Reproduction II A Gametogenesis the process of undertaking meiosis to make eggs or sperm B Fertilization Know the diagrams of a sperm cell and an egg cell 1 The process of fertilization is localization penetration prevention of 2 When the sperm penetrates the egg polyspermy fusion of genetic material and initiating development i ii iii iv v vi A female reproductive tract initiates the sperm The sperm binds to the zona pellucida An acrosomal reaction occurs The sperm lyses a hole in the zona pellucida Fusion of the sperm and egg membranes occurs The sperm pronucleus enters the egg cytoplasm C In vitro fertilization Medical Issues and Moral Dilemmas 1 Multiple births tubal pregnancy kidney and ovary damage are all 2 Human embryonic stem cells come from an excess of unused 3 The U S policy on federal funding for human embryonic stem cell possible risks embryos during IVF research is as follows i Embryos derived from IVF clinics are either discarded donated with no compensation or donated with consent of parents Chapter 3 Embryonic Stem Cells I I Adult vs Embryonic Stem Cells 1 Adult cells maintain our tissues after the tissues have formed while ESC s pluripotent are able to regenerate any tissue of the body 2 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells a normal cell that was manipulated to become a pluripotent cell 3 ESC s are created from the remaining embryos after a successful IVF Chapter 4 Human Cloning Dolly 1 The first nuclear transplant experiments were performed with frog eggs and were intended to test genomic equivalence i The cloning of Dolly was the great advance with cloning technology A Reproductive vs Therapeutic Cloning 1 Therapeutic cloning the production of genetically identical blastocyst 2 Reproductive cloning complete copy of human being put in uterus and carried to term 3 During the process of cloning the oocyte is taken from the mother or donor and the genetic information is removed Then the nuclei from the person of interest is inserted into the egg Chapter 5 Reproductive Engineering I A Somatic Cell Gene Therapy Engineering the Human Germline 1 Somatic reinserts genetically modified cells temporarily into the 2 Reproductive gene therapy permanently genetically engineers patient individuals before they are conceived B Reproductive Gene Therapy 1 Human gene therapy healthy gene is introduced into the patient s body cells through a virus vector to hopefully cure the disease isn t 100 C Human Human Chimeras 1 A transgenic animal an animal that has undergone gene therapy 2 Chimera embryos that consist of cells from two or more individuals Flashcards straight from review Order of events for Fertilization Procnulear fusion of sperm and egg Cleavage Degradation of Zona Pellucida implantation Tubal pregnancy Life threatening to mother What happens during the 6th day of fertilization Blastocyst What is day 1 of Fertilization Fertilization What 2 religions consider conception the 1st stage of human life Hinduism and Catholicism What is the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics Primary Internal Gonads Secondary External At what stage is an organism considered an embryo fetus Embryo time at fertilization Fetus 8 weeks after fertilization What is the difference between identical and fraternal twins
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