BSC1005 FSU PLANTS AND PEOPLE Important evolutionary events 3 5 billion years ago life begins 3 billion years ago photosynthetic organisms evolve 1 5 complex multicellular organisms evolve 1 billion plant animals and fungi established Classification Binomial nomenclature two word naming system that names organisms by GENUS AND SPECIES example Homo sapiens Zea mays Homo and Zea are the genus sapiens and mays are the species 5 kingdoms plants animals protists fungi bacteria order of classification kingdom most inclusive phylum class order family genus species Classified based on evolutionary relatedness look for common ancestors Plant characteristics Plant cells vs animal cells plants have a cell wall made of cellulose and contain chloroplast which carry out photosynthesis Photosynthesis CO2 H20 light energy sugars O2 Respiration opposite of photosynthesis sugars O2 CO2 H2O Light energy Carbon Cycle plants use carbon from the atmosphere to make sugars Animals obtain their carbon by eating plants and that animals get their energy by digesting plant materials Important plant structures xylem and phloem o xylem water up the plant o phloem sugars down the plant shoot root tip where cell division occurs in plant o shoot tip makes the cells of the shoot but also the leaves lateral buds and flowers and that a flower is a modifies shoot tip o length growth in shoot and root tips width cell divisions and stem and root female parts of flower stigma style ovary fruit ovule seed male parts of the flower anther where sperm is produced filament pollen grains transpiration the loss of water by the plant through the stomates that are regulated by guard cells Seed structure Endosperm provides embryo with nutrients Cotyledons modified leaves that store nutrients for the embryo Embryo fertilized egg Pollination and fertilization Pollination transfer of pollen to the stigma After fertilization the egg becomes the embryo ovule becomes the seed and Fertilization fusion of the sperm and egg to make the next plant generation ovary becomes the fruit Pollination and seed dispersal Function of flower ensure pollination Different types of pollination o Wind conifers pines o Bees blue yellow in color pleasant odor nectar reward o Flies smells like rotting flesh o Bats nocturnal moths opens at night lots of nectar o Wasps pseudocopulation no reward Animal pollinated flowers have attractants like pleasant odors and colorful petals and provide rewards like nectar and pollen Cross pollination provides genetic variability compared to self pollination Dry vs Fleshy fruits dry acorns spurs fleshy apple tomatoes Function of fruit seed dispersal Other photosynthetic organisms Phytoplankton photosynthetic plankton organisms suspended in water produce about 30 of oxygen in atmosphere bottom of marine life food chain Diatoms and dinoflagellates types of phytoplankton dinoflagellates cause red tides Red and brown algae protists cell wall components are economically important Green algae only algae in plant kingdom Oil and natural gas are derived from the remains of algae plankton in shallow seas hundreds of millions of years ago Evolution of land plants Evolved from green algae and invade the land about 500 million years ago Earliest plants were mosses have internal fertilization which was important to make the transition to land Ferns 400 mya developed xylem phloem roots alternation of generations spores still no seeds Cone bearing plants have ovules seeds and pollen but NOT flowers or fruits retain their spores 3 types conifers cyacds gingkos Flowering plants 150 mya first to have flowers most advanced Crops 4 main crops wheat rice corn potatoes o Provide 75 of calories for the human diet Cereal grains white flower bran and germ have been removed whole wheat made from entire seed Potatoes insufficient amount of protein Beans high protein Places of domestication o Middle east wheat o Central America south America corn beans o Andes potato o China rice Agriculture these Innovations irrigation plow 3 crop rotation system 2 minerals readily lost from soil nitrates and phosphates fertilizers replace Bacteria can convert nitrogen gas into nitrates Nitrogen cycle plants use nitrate in building proteins animals get nitrogen by eating plants Crop domestication began independently 10 000 years ago in different parts of the world because of a change in climate Genetic modification 50 of corn soybeans and cotton are now genetically modified Chemicals Chemicals produced for defense and to attract pollinators Morphine first drug to be chemically isolated Aspirin comes from the bark of willow trees first drug synthesized Cyanide in seeds of cherries peaches and apples Caffeine is not only found in coffee Herbal medicines does not have to report to FDA so it s unregulated
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