BSC1005 Test 3 Human Reproduction Homologous Structures Scrotum labia Major Penis clitoris erectile function Cowpers Gland Bartholins gland Testes Ovaries Circumcision Removal of Foreskin Lowers chance of HIV infection Ejaculation epididymis the urethra Know how sperm travels like how the vas deferens receives sperm from the When a male ejaculates the sperm is pushed with muscles in the penis out of Viagra is a vasodilator which means it dilates the capillaries which allows blood to flow better but it is not a hormone Sexual Differentiation When androgens are not present the Mullarian ducts become female structures when androgens are present they cause the Mullarian ducts to regress degrade In males The Wollfian ducts become the epididymis and a few other structures The Hormone dihydrotestosterone DHT induces the formation of genitalia like the penis It comes from testosterone and it also allows for the formation of the prostate gland Testicles produce both testosterone and anti mullarian hormone The urethra passes through the corpus spongiosum penis The scrotums main function is to maintain the temperature of the testes This temp is lower than the normal body temp In females the labia minora form to fold just above the clitoris called the clitoral hood The Ovarian Follicle Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome AIS When your body s androgen receptors are impaired No matter how much there is in your system none can be absorbed This means that you may be genetically a male XY by have the full appearance and reproductive ability of a woman Hypothesis of Digit Length Males have longer ring fingers than index fingers Females have longer index fingers than ring fingers Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland When the hypothalamus releases hormones it causes a release of more hormones in the anterior pituitary gland The anterior pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by blood vessels portal system Nerve cells are what connect the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary The anterior pituitary gland synthesizes its own hormones The posterior gland does not Menstrual Cycle Progesterone levels peak during the second half progrestational period but estrogen levels peak during the first half When calculating the next ovulation period take the average length of the menstrual cycle which is usually 28 days and subtract 14 After menopause when the ovaries no longer work the levels of gonadotropins specifically FSH and LH will increase also FSH and LH peak during ovulation The endometrium is the inner liner of the uterus and is what makes u p the majority of the menstrual discharge Its usually pretty variable in length but the luteal or progestatonal period second half remains pretty consistent in length During the ovulation the egg is released from the follicle Conception Sperm cell starts out with a tadpole movement and then starts a lurching movement when it reaches the egg This is called activation Sperm cells Have genetic info in there head portions Made in the seminiferous tubules Their production is maintained by FSH and LH Activated in the female reproductive tract Pregnancy and testing When the mother is pregnant she will have an increase in human chorionic gonadotropins in the urine and blood pregnancy tests Don t mix this up with the gonadotropins FSH and LH which are actually low during pregnancy The baby is called and embryo for the first 8 weeks and after that it s a fetus Placental screening is used to diagnose such diseases at downs syndrome The is done in the first trimester because the placenta is made in the first trimester A few facts to know about testing Amniocentesis is the testing of the cells from the fluid around the fetus the amniotic sack Chorionic villi sampling takes cells from the placenta but there are risks involved Its recommended that all pregnant women get screened for down s syndrome Chorionic Villi sampling can be done before amniocentesis but carries higher risk LH Luteinizing hormone is a hormone produced by gonadotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland In females an acute rise of LH LH surge triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum FSH Follicle Stimulating hormone is a hormone found in humans and other animals It is synthesized and secreted by gonadotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland FSH regulates the development growth pubertal maturation and reproductive processes of the body FSH and luteinizing hormone LH act synergistically in reproduction Pregnancy Contraception Smoking is bad it leads to ectopic pregnancies infant deaths low birth weight and spontaneous abortion And a poor diet can also harm the baby Women should wait until contractions are 5 minutes apart before going to the hospital Low birth weight is considered 5 and a half pounds or less The first stage of labor lasts until the cervix is completely dilated It s the longest stage The Fetus takes the antibodies from it s mother Barrier method on contraception literally puts up a barrier to stop the semen These methods include cervical cap diaphragm and both the female and male condom More Contraceptives The diaphragm is a barrier method contraceptive Used with spermicidal jelly Stops semen from entering the cervix Was very popular until the 60 s when replaced with the pill Least affective Tubal litigation tubes tied Oral contraceptives the pill most common among teens Male condom very affective in preventing STDs about two percent theoretical failure rate of ABOUT 2 Vasectomy cutting of the vas deferens Know that married couples prefer sterilization tubal litigation or vasectomy to any other contraceptive method Basal body temp Allows for a woman to determine the best time to get pregnant Also shows in a woman is pregnant look at temp after day 28 STI s STD s In Florida men who engage in homosexual activities have the highest risk for HIV The genital warts vaccine is also used to prevent cervical cancer know genital warts and cervical cancer are associated Chlamydia is not very likely to cause symptoms in the female and it often causes nonspecific urethritis nongonoccal urethritis and other diseases Gonorrhea can be treated with antibiotics Often when someone has Gonorrhea they also have Chlamydia Herpes can be passed even when blisters aren t present HIV can be passed with sexual intercourse sharing of needles breast milk and through pregnancy mother to child You cannot have AIDS without being HIV positive Extras gonadotropins Men sometimes have to have their testes removed
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