Section 1 Plants produce caffeine and vanilla Carbon dioxide water sugar oxygen photosynthesis The population is expected to triple between 1950 2020 2 5 billion to 7 5 billion Agricultural production is increasing in every part of the world Except for Africa We have to keep up with the population increase Plant growth is limited by drought Agriculture is taking up 80 of our water WHAT IS A PLANT Characteristics of plants they are green because of the chlorophyll They get their food from photosynthesis The stem system is rooted to the ground to deliver water to the leaves They have rigid cell walls The plants are not able to move Plants have sperm and eggs The flowers are the mode of reproduction Pine cones are plants too ARE FUNGI PLANTS they have cell walls and reproduce like plants But they can not make their own food THEY ARE NOT PLANTS Carl Linnaeus 18 century doctor and naturalist He laid the foundation for current biological classification systems He introduced the binomial system POLYNOMIAL VS BINOMIAL solidago genus sempervirens species KINGDOM PLANTE that is the biggest and top classification 5 KINGDOMS 1 Plant 2 Animal 3 Fungi 4 Protists 5 Bacteria HUMANS HOMO SAPIENS KINGDOM ANIMALIA First organisms on earth were bacteria About three billion years ago evolution evolved Bacteria evolved photosynthesis Rocks were oxidized They were by the presence of a bacteria Photosynthesis was 3 billion years ago Life begins 3 5 billion years ago and animals and fungi separate 1 billion years ago Green plants also separated 1 billion years ago Green Algae 450 mya Moss 400 mya They transport water They have stems and roots and move water through their body They developed areas for photosynthesis Ferns 350 375 mya Seeds and pollen Now we have the existence of them such as pine trees Flowering Plants 150 mya Flowers and fruits Section 2 Energy consumption is being used faster than we are populating Burning fossil fuels is raising the earth s temperature due to CO2 emissions Energy Use 1 Petroleum oil 40 2 Natural Gas 23 3 Coal 22 Renewable Resources Main components include hydroelectric biomass wind geothermal and solar Solix Biofuel s Algae facility in new Mexico is growing algae for oil extraction This is currently about 8 00 a gallon Using renewable energy sources reduce CO2 emissions but some sources are better than others Ethanol made from corn was being added to gas To reduce CO2 It only reduces the CO2 emissions by 15 CELLS ANIMAL CELL VS PLANT CELLS Cytoplasm Cell wall xylem Phloem guard cells cell wall CARBON CYCLE o layer outside of the cell membrane Provides support and rigidity for the cell Chloroplast The spot where photosynthesis take place There is no chloroplast in root cells o Chloroplast absorbs sunlight and joins water and CO2 to make sugars o Used for growth and provides carbon structure so plants can continue to grow Molecular oxygen is created for us o during photosynthesis plants lose large amounts of water transpiration o water loss due to transpiration causes wilting that reduces growth and can cause death o moves water from roots to leaves o moves sugars that are made in the leaves to the roots o the open pore allows CO2 to get in Because it can t get in the wax layer of the plant leaf Photosynthesis happens o But water also evaporates So this opens it up and allows the plant to have water loss o They control this by closing the guard cells or stomates o composed of long chains of sugars CELLULOSE o Microfibers are clusters of cellulose chains that contains about 40 cell molecules Each of these chains are made up of glucose sugars 10 000 each o Cellulose and Glucose is SUGAR Burning CO2 in the atmosphere photosynthesis primary consumption or detritus detrivores or higher level consumers cellular respiration CO2 corn is used for many products alcohol animal feed food products exportation gas pharmaceutical products the price of corn has tripled since 2005 Section 3 PLANT STRUCTURE VEGETATIVE STRUCTURE PHYSICAL PARTS o Plants are put together by the shoot and the root o Petiole the shoot that connects the leave to the shoot o Shoot tip is at the top of the plant It will grow out and produce o Plants grow by producing new cells at the tips of the shoot and root Then the cell increases in o BOTANY removing the shoot tip will cause the bush to grow outward Not up This is what size makes the bush bushy o Cell division happens in the dome of the shoot tip o Xylem are empty and hollow which allow water to flow through easily Roots to leaves o Most plants that live more than one year perennials grow in width as well as length o Cell divisions in the body of the stem and the root increases thickness TEST MATERIAL there are two ways in which a plant grows Up and out When flowering starts the shoot tip makes flower buds Most flowers are hermaphroditic They have both male and female structure After fertilization the ovule becomes the seed The egg becomes the embryo which is a young plant The ovary becomes the fruit Each anther contains sacs where pollen form Each pollen grain contains two sperm cells The wall of the pollen grain contains a certain protein that releases and triggers a reaction in our body if it happens to reach our respiratory system POLLINATION when a pollen grain lands on the stigma a pollen tube grows out Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma The pollen tube has to travel through the stigma and finds the ovary and the ovule The pollen tube curves slightly towards the ovule What would cause this A chemical substance is released Basically smell o FERTILIZATION sperm egg gives you and embryo o COTYLEDONS storage leaves o ENDOSPERM food for the embryo o SEED COAT protective layer to keep the embryo safe in some plants the endosperm is digested as the seed develops and is replaced by the cotyledons a corn seed is mostly endosperm Starch or sugars are mostly in corn Section 4 Many valuable agricultural products depend on honeybee pollination soybeans alfalfa and cotton POLLINATION OCCURRENCE wind pollination Separate male and female parts No petals large stigmas and lots of pollen Corn is wind pollinated As are most grasses including wheat and rice Animal pollination Flowers provide attractants and rewards o REWARDS nectar and pollen o ATTRACTANTS flower shape color and scent o Bee pollination Bee flowers have a landing platform Blue or yellow coloring with a scent or nectar as a reward Honey nectar guides on FOXGLOVE Bees learn
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