BSC 1005 Test 2 Lecture 1 decision making Lecture 2 The nervous system is composed of neurons that conduct impulses and glial cells that support the neurons Brain controls heart lungs sex emotions learning memory and more Frontal Lobe functions Voluntary motor control personality concentration planning 5 lobes in the brain Occipital parietal temporal frontal cerebellum insula Temporal lobe Interpretation of auditory sensation Occipital lobe interpretation of visual sensations processes visual sensations Damage to Cerebellum proper timing and limb movements Damage causes ataxia a loss of this causes visual impairment coordinated motor movement Left hemisphere Language speech math calculations controls right sideof body Right hemisphere music shapes maps controls left side of body Corpus Callosum bundle of axons that connect the right and left hemispheres If cut will cause split brain Lecture 3 Limbic system causes emotions Central Nervous System both brain and spinal chord Neurons that are stimulated by the environment and transmitted to the central nervous system are called sensory neurons Peripheral Nervous System both cranial and Spinal cranial nerves Sympathetic flight or fight Parasympathetic Rest and digest Dendrites Primary region of the cell that receive input from other neurons Cell body Region of the cell that contains intracellular organelles Also receive input Axon Region of the cell that projects to other neurons Synapse Terminal end of axons site of communication between neurons Synaptic terminals contain store and releases neurotransmitters This is the primary site for synaptic vesicles discharge Membrane potential A voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell This exists because there is an uneven distribution of ions across the membrane A resting neuron is negative inside with resting potential of 70mV The membrane potential is more negative than the threshold potential for action potential generation Rapid changes in their membrane potentials by neurons firing Depolarization the insideof a cell becomes positive Needed to generate action potential Resting potential membrane potential when not firing action potentials Potassium K higher on the inside Sodium Na higher on the outsides Threshold A membrane potential change caused by a stimulus that leads to an action potential Inside of the cell becomes positive depolarization and will trigger action potential Action Potentials a traveling wave of depolarization in the neuron membrane This causes the release of neurotransmitter and communication with other neurons Encode the strength by increasing frequency stronger the stimulus the higher the frequency Myelin Sheath increases action potential conduction velocity Travel faster in axons with Myelin Lecture 4 Action potentials release neurotransmitters from the synaptic vesicle into the synaptic cleft and stored in the synaptic terminal Neuron doing the talking releasing is presynaptic neuron Neuron doing the listening binding is postsynaptic neuron Production of IPSP will happen when a certain neurotransmitter permits a rush negative charge into the cell via postsynaptic Glutamate the primary excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system Increases the probability that the postsynaptic neuron will fire and AP MOST COMMON GABA The primary inhibitory transmitter in the central nervous system Decreases the probability that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an AP Lipids Endocannabinoids bind to the same receptors as THC the active ingredient in weed Stimulates appetite relieves pain affects learning and memory Critical period occurs during early postnatal life Periods are characterized by high learning rates as well as enduring consequences for neuronal connectivity vision language After critical period connections diminish and are less subject to change but ones that remain are stronger more reliable and more precise The brain must obtain certain critical experiences such as movement or emotional input to mature properly Path of light Cornea pupil lens retina Photoreceptors rods and cones that respond to light located in retina Rods do not distinguish color Good at detecting dim light Cones Allow color vision red green blue Not good at detecting dim light Middle and third layer cells rods and cones send their information to bipolar cells in the middle layer bipolar cells send their information to ganglion cells in the third layer Axons of ganglion make up optic nerve Light information flow photoreceptors bipolar cells ganglion cells optic nerve Semicircular canals help function in balance and equilibrium External ear captures and transmits sound to ear drum Auditory sound path Auditory canal tympanic membrane bones of the middle ear cochlea auditory nerve Different types of taste salty sweet sour bitter and umami Flavor is taste and odor There are about 350 different types of odor receptors Aphasia an impairment of language ability including impaired ability to remember words speak write Lecture 5 Lecture 6 Lecture 7 Brocas Aphasia involves slow poorly articulated speech No impairment in understanding Controls motor aspects of speech Wernickes Aphasia Production of rapid speech with no meaning called word salad Language comprehension is destroyed Controls understanding of words Dreams occur during REM sleep Brainwaves slow down and become larger Lecture 8 Abused drugs alter the way neurotransmitters carry their messages from neuron to neuron Some drugs mimic neurotransmitters other block them Still others alter the way neurotransmitters are released or inactivated Cocaine cocaine molecules block the transporter which causes more dopamine to accumulate in the synapse Marijuana distorts perception of sense time space self THC is main ingredient binds to cannabinoid receptors Heavy users have poor short term memory and memory problems processing complex information Can treat addiction anxiety and depression Effective in some eating disorders pain nausea Club drugs are ecstasy GHB rohypnol herbal ecstasy ketamine MDMA MDMA synthetic psychoactive drug with hallucinogenic and amphetamine like properties Users encounter problems similar to cocaine Longs term use affects parts of brain critical for thought memory and pleasure Rohypnol GHB ketamine predominantly central nervous system depressants Colorless and odorless so can be added to drinks without knowing Lecture 9 Neurodegenerative Disorders Stroke Alzheimers Parkinsons Huntingtons Stroke occurs when
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