The nervous system is composed of neurons and glial cells Frontal Lobe Lecture 1 Lecture 2 o Voluntary motor control o Personality o Concentration o Planning o Decision making 5 lobes Visual sensations Auditory sensation o Occipital o Parietal o Temporal o Frontal o Cerebellum Proper timing of movements Ataxia loss of coordinated motor movements All nerve fibers pass through the Medulla Oblongata Brain is divided into left and right hemispheres o Left hemisphere Language Speech Math o Right hemisphere Music Shapes Maps Controls right side of body Controls left side of body o Corpus Callosum Bundle of axons that connects the left hemisphere and right hemisphere Allows for intra hemispheric communication Lecture 3 Limbic System controls emotions o Amygdala important for fear responses and fear memory Central Nervous System brain and spinal cord o Neurons stimulated by environment and sent to CNS are sensory neurons Peripheral Nervous System cranial and spinal cranial nerves o Sympathetic fight or flight o Parasympathetic rest and digest ANATOMY of a Neuron o Dendrite Primary region of cell that receives input from other neurons o Cell Body o Axon o Synapse Contains intracellular organelles Region of the cell that projects to other neurons Primary site for synaptic vesicles discharge Synaptic Terminals contain store and release neurotransmitters Terminal end of axons are the site of communication between neurons Membrane Potential a voltage difference between inside and outside of a cell o Uneven distribution of ions across the membrane o A resting neuron is negative inside with resting potential of 70mV o The membrane potential is more negative than the threshold potential for action potential generation Action Potentials a traveling wave of depolarization in the neuron membrane o Depolarization inside of cell becomes positive o Resting Potential membrane potential when not firing action potentials 70 mV Inside cell the concentration of K is much higher than concentration of NA o Threshold a membrane potential change caused by a stimulus that leads to an action potential It is depolarization that is needed to generate an action potential o Action Potential wave of electrical charge passing from cell body to synapse Causing the release of neurotransmitters The stronger the stimulus the higher the frequency Myelin Sheath fatty tissue encasing neuron Increases action potential conduction velocity move faster in axons with myelin Lecture 4 Neurotransmitters Released from synaptic vesicle and into the synaptic cleft Store in the synaptic terminal Presynaptic Neuron neurons doing the talking releasing Postsynaptic Neuron neurons doing the listening binding Excitatory Neurotransmitters will fire an action potentials o Glutamate primary excitatory neurotransmitter Inhibitory Neurotransmitters reduce chance of firing an action potential o GABA primary inhibitory neurotransmitter Lipids endocannabinoids Binds to same receptors as THC the active ingredient in marijuana Production of IPSP will happen when a certain neurotransmitter permits a rush negative charge into the cell via postsynaptic Critical Period occurs during early postnatal life o Period characterized by high learning rate as well as enduring consequences for neuronal connectivity Lecture 5 Path of Light Cornea Pupil Lens Retina Photoreceptors rods and cones located inside retina o Rods good at detecting dim light they DO NOT distinguish color o Cones allows color vision 3 types red green and blue o Do not work well in dim light o Greatest amount of cones are found in the FOVEA central part of retina Light Information Flows photoreceptors bipolar cells ganglion cells optic nerve Semi Circular Canals help function in balance and equilibrium o External ear pinna and auditory canal captures transmits sound to the ear drum Auditory Sound Path Auditory canal Tympanic Membrane Bones of middle ear Cochlea Auditory Nerve Lecture 6 Gustation taste Olfaction smell o Salty sweet sour bitter and umami o Info travels from gustatory nerve to medulla to thalamus to cortex o About 350 different types of odor receptors o Individual olfactory neurons die off about every 60 days and are replaced by new cells Odor and Taste combine to form flavor Aphasias the impairment of language ability Lecture 7 o Broca s Aphasia o Wernicke s Aphasia destroyed o Controls motor aspect of speech o Resulting in slow poorly articulated speech NO impairment in understanding o Controls understanding of words o Involves production of rapid speech with no meaning Language comprehension is As adult passes to deeper stages of non REM sleep brain waves slow down and become larger Dreams occur during REM sleep EEG is similar to wakefulness during the brief periods of REM Lecture 8 Sleep Drugs of Abuse Abuse drugs alter the way neurotransmitters carry their messages o Some mimic neurotransmitters while others block them o Some alter the way they are released or inactivated Mesolimbic Dopamine System o Group of structures common to the actions of all drugs Include a collection of dopamine containing neurons Cocaine synapse Marijuana o Cocaine molecules block the transporter causing more dopamine to accumulate in the o Distorts perception alters sense of time space and self o THC binds to specific receptors cannabinoid receptors Club Drugs ecstasy roofies GHB and ketamine o MDMA ecstasy synthetic psychoactive drug with hallucinogenic properties Long term changes in parts of brain critical for thought memory and pleasure o Rohypnol roofies GHB and Ketamine Central nervous system depressants Often colorless tasteless and odorless Lecture 9 Neurodegenerative Diseases Stroke o Occurs when a blood vessel carrying oxygen or nutrients bursts or is clogged o Can result in different problems including paralysis or loss of speech o Impairment of language memory perception emotional behavior and cognitive skills o Rare before age 60 o Slowness of movement muscular rigidity walking and balance impairment o Result of a loss of dopamine producing cells in the region of the brain called the Alzheimer s Disease Parkinson s Disease substantia nigra Huntington s Disease o Caused by a mutation in the gene for a protein called huntington o Affects ability to walk talk think and reason o Affects the basal ganglia and the brain cortex o Experience episodes of deep depression and manic highs o Marked by disturbances in thinking cognition emotional reactions and social behavior o Delusions
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