Final Exam Review CCJS 105 20 Audit Questions 18 Questions Lectures 1 4 17 Questions Lecture 5 12 Questions Lecture 6 16 Questions Lecture 7 9 Questions Lecture 8 8 Questions Cromwell Chapters 19 1 14 and 24 Key Terms Lectures 1 4 Folkways mores and laws FOLKWAYS least serious norms Refer to usages traditions and edicutt No legal sanctions punishments they are preferred no cutting in line MORES more serious customs Refer to moral judgment as well as sanctions cheating LAWS serious norms formal modes of control institutionalized mores Mala se vs mala prohibita Mala Se An act is bad because of itself murder Mala Prohibita An act is bad because it has been prohibited smoking pot Criminology the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior Schmallenger 2009 The study of law making law breaking and the reactions to law breaking Hagan 2008 Forms of criminal behavior the causes of crime the definition of criminality the societal reaction to criminal activity Conflict vs consensus perspective Conflict Perspective Those in power make the law Consensus Perspective The definition of crime is based on a shared set of values and norms Crime funnel All things that happen before you are incarcerated 1st degree vs 2nd degree homicide vs involuntary manslaughter Pre Meditated hire someone o kill someone have weapon or 1 st Degree tools any foresight or planning 2 nd Degree Crime of passion Involuntary manslaughter accident car accident Larceny vs robbery vs burglary Larceny Unlawful taking carrying leaving or riding away f property of possession or constructive possession of another no force larceny is both planned and unplanned Burglary of property Robbery weapons Unlawful taking of possession using force assault or threat of force Unlawful entry to a structure to commit a serious crime usually theft Correlates of crime 83 arrested are MALE strongest correlate of crime Males are most likely to be victims of homicide robbery and assault Females are most likely to be victims of sexual assault and rape They are equal on theft and larceny AGE GENDER RACE Unreported Crimes Victimless crimes drug use personal gambling Dark figure of crime Lecture 5 Brutalization effect Deterrent effect Simultaneity Displacement Make people devalue human life Capital punishment supposedly sends the message that it is acceptable to kill in some circumstances or that society has a disregard for the sanctity of life The brutalizing effect of the death penalty may even be responsible for increasing the number of murders in jurisdictions in which it is practiced inhibition of criminal activity by state imposed penalties Specific Deterrence when individuals are punished for particular crime as a result that they do not commit it again General Deterrence aimed at society the inhibition of desire to engage in crime among the general population through punishment of certain offenders Something else could be the cause for the effect especially in relation to laws Crime is shifted to another form or place Robbery to burglary Cars UMD to cars at Knox road Target hardening strengthening of the security of building in order to reduce or minimising the risk of attack or theft It is considered a strong visible defense will deter or delay an attack Utilitarian philosophy social action should be based on the greatest good of society Gamblers fallacy vs selection Lecture 6 Cultural transmission Collective efficacy Reaction formation Social disorganization theory Older delinquents teach the younger ones People go out of their way to report crime and social cohesion Saying you don t want what you really want Saying you hate kids that go to college when you really want to go to college Anomie Both Durkheim s and Merton s definitions Durkheim Anomie Normalness is defined by societies without norms The disjunction between socially approved means to success and legitimate goals Merton Anomie The disjunction between socially approved means to success and legitimate goals Modes of adaptation Adaptations Conformity Innovation Ritualism Retreatism Rebellion Cultural Goals Structural Means Status frustration achieve it through crime The delinquent can t achieve status through goals of the upper class They Middle class measuring rod Youths are held to the standards of the upper or middle class regardless of their own social economical status SES Life course persisters vs adolescent limited offenders Lecture 7 Priority intensity duration and frequency crime is learned behavior through close intimate personal groups learned definitions and favorable criminal activity Frequency of contacts definitions Duration length of time exposed contacts Priority Preference individuals express towards values Intensity Degree of meaning attached to the exposure Attachment commitment involvement and belief Social bond theory Delinquency takes place when a persons bonds to society are weakened or broken thus reducing your state of conformity Attachment A bon to others and institutions Commitment How much time and degree to which an individual maintains a vested interest in the social or economic system Involvement Engagement in legitimate socials and recreational activities Belief In a conventional norms and values system and the law Imitation Differential reinforcement Primary and secondary deviance Primary deviance Ocaasional and situational deviance that may be excused or rationalized by the actor or social audience Secondary deviance The result of dynamic interaction between and individuals deviance and the societal response to it Behavior is recognized processed and its labeled Individual s identity is going to change Status degradation ceremony You are not delinquent until you are socially recognized then you are a criminal for the rest of your life Ceremonies in which an individual is defined by society and themselves as deviant Master status Essentially a label that defines over all other labels Self fulfilling prophecy Seeing themselves as criminals Street vs decent Selection vs socialization Delinquents having delinquent friends differential association Socialization If you hang out with delinquent friends thay are going to influence Selection Already delinquent going to choose delinquent people to hang out with you to be delinquent control theory Lecture 8 Positivism Phrenology specifically characteristics of the head and skull Mesomorph muscular stocky Endomorph fat short Ectomorph tall skinny Atavism Physical facial features Key Concepts Lectures 1 4
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