105 Non Cumulative Guide Introduction to Criminology Final Exam Study Guide non cumulative portion Presented below is a listing of topics to be addressed on the upcoming 100 question multiple choice examination 40 questions or so will be drawn from the list below Unlike the cumulative list posted earlier this list is not exhaustive This is intended as a rough approximation of the subject matter to be included Direct your attention to revisiting the material covered since the last exam as well a the material covered in lecture and discussion Names Robert K Merton Social Structure and Anomie Meyer Robert Schkolnick birth name From the slums of Philadelphia to Harvard during the Great Deprsession Universities were very racist so hiding his Jewishness lol helped him to do that 1938 Social Structure and Anomie Claims that there is something about our social structure that causes crime conformity accept goals and means of achievement innovation accept goals not means ritualism goals rejected means followed anyways retreatism goals and means rejected rebellion reject means and goals create new ones Capitalism causes crime due to the imbalance of economic Karl Marx Critical Theory power and opportunity Capitalism creates winner and loser and everyone is trying to accomplish the American dream legally or not The core of Marxist is the concept of class struggle In Marx s time the oppressors were the wealth owners of the means of production the bourgeoisie and the oppressed were the working class the proletariat The ruling class always develops ideologies to justify and legitimize their exploitation Marx called the workers acceptance of ideologies that ran counter to their interersts false consciousness In time false consciousness would be replaced by class consciousness that is the recognition of a common class condition and the development of a common unity in opposition to capitalist exploitation This would set the stage for revolution According to Marx and Engels criminals came from a third class in society the lumpenproletariat who would play no decisive role in the expected revolution Crime was the product of an unjust alienating and demoralizing social condition that denied productive labor to the masses of unemployed The origin of crime has come to be known as the primitive rebellion Capitalist societies pass laws that criminalize any action that jeopardizes private property and tend to overlook many socially injurious activities viewed as economically beneficial for the ruling class Edwin H Sutherland Differential Association social process oriented theory contrasts with structural theories wants to contrast by using social dynamics that produce these problems crime is learned in interaction not limited to explain lower class Ronald Akers Social Learning Theory took Sutherland s work further Individual has a lot more say in whether they choose to be criminals or not even if they interact with other criminals His theory allowed for personal morals differential reinforcement beliefs modeling Howard Becker Labeling Theory basically people become their labels Therefore if the CJS labels people as criminals they will become criminals or are at least more likely to accept that label uses the concept of looking glass self Solution Radical Non Intervention Concepts Terms Condemnation and redemption scripts These scripts are an attempt to account for desistance of ex inmates Condemnation Scripts Redemption Scripts resignation to fate sense of being victimized by circumstances and fate near missionary zeal for serving a purpose past is recast as the prelude to their new calling it s a renarratization Institutional Anomie Theory devaluation accommodation penetration Messner Rosenfeld argue that Achievement orientation dominates o Self worth determined by net worth non monetary aims diminished o Earn at any cost o No stopping point to earning Individualism is the means o Success to be earned by oneself o Others are competitors o Everyone expected to compete Restraints Social institutions are designed to maintain norms and values in order to regulate conduct 1 Economy 2 Polity electorate 3 Education 4 Family Currently there is an institutional imbalance in power 3 Stage Process of Economic Ascendency Devaluation 1 Homeowner not homemaker has valued role 2 Being a good student is not prestigious 3 Stay at home dads Accommodation o Employers resist family leave o Schooling sought to get a good job Penetration o Belief government is good if run like a business o Movement of women into workforce o Teaching to the test in schools Primary and secondary deviance Primary deviance is labeled and therefore no labeling Secondary deviance that is socially rejected and leads to consequences labeling Moral entrepreneur think of new ways to create moral codes example in class was Reefer Madness which was used to make weed seem moral wrong and make it illegal Moral panic is an overreaction of the mass media police and local community leaders to delinquent offences which are in fact relatively trivial both in terms of the nature of the offence and the number of people involved Looking glass self becoming the label that you ve been given Bourgeoisie and proletariat bourgeoisie owners of the means of production proletariat the working class surplus in the working force leads to unemployment and demoralization Differential association postulate 6 in Sutherland s theory Process by which a person is exposed to normative definitions favorable or unfavorable to illegal behavior Two dimensions 1 Behavioral interactional direct association and interaction with others who engage in a behavior and identification with reference groups 2 Normative exposure to different patterns of norms and values through associations Primary groups family friends Secondary groups church school mass media Postulate 6 We become delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of the law over definitions unfavorable to violation Frequency priority intensity and duration definitions a b c d associations Frequency how often exposure to definitions occurs Duration length of each exposure Priority the time that particular associations are initiated Intensity the degree of identification with particular Differential reinforcement and operant conditioning Reinforcement can be Positive presenting a positive stimuli Negative removing an aversive stimuli Punishment can be Direct presenting an aversive stimuli Indirect removing a
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