CCJS105 Exam 2 Names On Crime and Punishment Main founder of Classical Criminology Names Cesare Beccaria 1738 1794 Deterrence Research humans are rational beings so they commit crime they commit crime if the benefits of the crime outweigh the punishments 1 Effects of policies on specific crimes in specific places rational choice weighing the reward and costs Punishments should be proportional Becarria principle ideas 2 Relationship between objective risks and perceived risks 3 Policies in jurisdictions and their effect on crime rates 1 Role of legislatures should be to define crimes and specific punishments 2 Role of judges should be to determine guilt 3 Seriousness of crime should be determined by extent of harm on society 4 Purpose of punishment is to deter crime and punishment should be proportionate to seriousness of crime 5 Punishment is unjust when the severity exceeds what is necessary to determine deterrence 6 Excessive severity fails to deter crime and actually increases it 7 Punishments should be prompt 8 Punishments should be certain Cesare Lombroso did not have supported theories but did collect a lot of data Born Criminal Positivist Criminology crime committed because of biological social and psychological factors atavism biological throwback criminals were less evolved He extended the tradition of physiognomy and phrenology by studying all anatomical features not just face and shape of skull Wrote the book The Criminal Man in which he argued that various physical characteristics were linked to crime that resembled characteristics of lower animals such as monkeys and chimpanzees 1 Deviations in head size and shape 2 asymmetry of face 3 large jaws and cheekbones 4 unusually large or small ears ears that stand out from head 5 fleshy lips 6 abnormal teeth 7 receding chin 8 abundant hair or wrinkles 9 long arms 10 extra fingers or toes 11 asymmetry of the brain Argued there were three major classes of criminals i Born criminals mostly male but females were even worse more hair angry facial features better eyesight less sensitivity to pain and touch more visual learner ii Insane criminals iii Criminaloids criminals who do not have any special physical or mental characteristics but whose mental and emotional makeup are such that under certain circumstances they engage in criminal behavior said to be the majority of criminals don t really want to commit crime but are persuaded by others similar to the insane criminal Emile Durkheim organic mechanical society Argued that inequality is a natural and inevitable human condition that is not associated with social maladies such as crime unless there is a social breakdown of social norms or rules which he called anomie and argued it occurred in his society as a result of the rapid and social changes accompanying the modernization process Focused on society and its organization and development Wrote The Division of labor in Society in which he described the process of social change as part of the development from the more primitive mechanical form of society into the more advanced organic form Argued that all societies were at some stage between the mechanical and the organic with no society totally being one or the other Anomie a term meaning without law to describe a lack of social norms had a railroad spike go through his head before he was nice and after he was unapproachable Shows that brain functions can have an effect on criminality and damages to the brain can change the criminal tendencies Causes of Delinquency 1969 social control theory emphasizes bonds made with family school and peers 4 main elements of the bond KNOW THESE FOR TEST CABI commitment attachment belief involvement attachment emotional affective bond psychological presence commitment rational component consequences those with nothing to lose can be deviant involvement idle hands weakest element of the bond belief in the moral worth of society s laws Gottfredson and Hirschi Thomas Hobbes 1588 1678 social contract A General Theory of Crime 1990 ONLY determinant of crime is a lack of self control Focus of control moved from external relationships to an internal mechanism Self control is established in childhood through parent socialization it remains stable from the age of 8 until death enduring trait The society agrees to help deter crime and work against acts of delinquency Creates a bond between members of an area that helps prevent deviance Phineas Gage Travis Hirschi Kornhauser Robert Merton social contract man is rational if the benefits outweigh the punishment social disorganization produces delinquent subcultures which sustain delinquent values that are passed on delinquency results from a community s inability to regulate behavior three attributes of a disorganized community poverty racial ethnic heterogeneity high residential mobility language differences moving lack of community 1964 United States we encourage almost demand that people be financially successful if they are to be well regarded Crime can be produced among those who are well off by the anomia of success which he said arises when progressively heightened aspirations are fostered by each temporary success and by the enlarged expectations visited on successful people by associates Merton 1964 225 voices the problem of pressure created by the discrepancy between culturally induced goals and socially structured opportunities assumes that criminal motivation is not inherent defines anomie as the contradiction between the culture and the social structure of society Shaw McKay Chicago School societal forces produce pressures to obtain everyone is expected to meet this standard no matter what class there are weak regulations on how this imperative is to be met delinquency is closely related to the process of invasion dominance and succession when a location of a city is invaded by new residents the relationships that bind that location to a natural area are destroyed this causes the natural organization of the location to be severely impaired these areas become afflicted with a variety of social problems that are directly traceable to the shifts in population people don t feel attached to their neighborhoods when they can no longer identify with it Robert Sampson main contribution is collective efficacy neighborhoods work together to trust one another help one another disorganized neighborhoods don t have this also life course theory focus on turning points in your life that allow you to not
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