60 multiple choice Material covered since the first exam classical theory biology sociology social disorganization control and developmental as well as the material covered in lecture and discussion Names Cesare Beccaria Rational Choice Theory Classical School of Thought Crime results from the free will and hedonism of the individual criminal o o we have free will we can make conscious decisions o we maximize utility by weight cost benefits o Hedonism need to maximize pleasure and minimize pain We should focus on the ACT of crime acts reus and NOT the criminal mens Individuals give up part of their liberty to allow society to established the nation the ability to create crim law and punish offenders The aim of a good legislation is the prevention of crime prevention rea mind o punishment o 3 characteristics of punishment that will influence if a man will decide to commit an act 1 swiftness a swift trial and punishment is important we cant wait too long to punish them or they wont know wwhat they did is wrong the longer the time wait the less association with the ideas of crime to the said action 2 severity weakest for a punishment to be effective the potential penalty should outweigh the potential benefits but it should be limited we dont want to OVERpunish or else they will rebound like three strikes law 3 certainty most important the risks of punishment has most fear in someone What are the chances of you going to jail Cesare Lombroso 1835 1909 Determinism born criminal certain people are born and biologically predisposed to criminality Atavism biological throwback those predisposed towards criminality are less biologically developed evolved than the rest of the non criminal population He was an Italian prison physician o Lombroso measured numerous physical attributes such as sloping forehead shoulders ear placement skull size arms legs jaw length etc theorized that people with particular physical attributes have greater propensity for criminality o Classifications of criminals Born criminal People with atavistic characteristics o Insane criminal Idiots imbeciles paranoiacs as well as epileptics and alcoholics o Occasional criminals Whose crimes are explained primarily by opportunity although they too have innate traits that predispose them to criminality o Criminals of passion Who commit crimes because of anger love or honor and are characterized by being propelled to crime by an irresistible force Phrenology Study of the skull Durkheim 1858 1917 Influenced by French 1789 and Industrial Revolution around 1760s to 1840s Sociologist The Division of Labor in Society 1893 The Rules of the Sociological Method 1895 Suicide 1897 Social self important to Durkheim Mead s social psychology influenced by Durkheim s homo duplex dividing the individual into I and Me Anomie isn t simply a normlessness but as the more or less complete collapse of social solidarity itself the destruction of the fundamental bonds uniting individuals in a collective social order so each person is forced to go alone The Importance of Integration and Regulation social solidarity was maintained by two distinct sets of social functions Those involving integration and those involving regulation Integration is described as a state of cohesion amounting to a common faith sustained by collective beliefs and practices leading to strong social bonds and the subordination of self to a common cause o Collective activity what gave purpose and meaning to life when integrative functions failed the collective force of society was weakened and mutual moral support was eroded and relaxation of social bonds lead to extreme individualism Durkheim saw integration as a sum of attraction that drew people together regulation constraint that bound the individuals not norms o o o o o Phineas Gage o o o o o Constraining regulation functions become more important in an urban society with a complex division of labor People are a blend of 2 aspects social self that looks to society a product of socialization and cultivation of human potentials a civilized member of a community Alternatively there s the ego primal self incomplete without society and that is full of impulses knowing no natural bounds Social solidarity based highly developed functions on social integration and social regulation allowed the more primal self to become fully humanized in a life shared with others on a moral common ground Unless social solidarity is developed and maintained we can expect crime and delinquency precursor of biological criminology had railroad accident where a spike went through his frontal lobe and changed his behavior lead us to believe that changes to the brain can produce changes in behavior Travis Hirschi psychosocial Hirschi s First Theory Social Bonds and Delinquency o Central Idea delinquency arises when social bonds are weak absent o Social bonds why people choose not to break laws factors that restrain impulses bonds formed with family school and peers Internalization process by which social norms are taken so deeply into the self as to become a fundamental part of the personality structure o Hirschi no motivational factors loss of control sets the individual free to calculate the cost of crime Hirshi was a control theorist key issue is to explain people who are motivated to seek immediate gratification in the easiest way refrain from doing so H motivation to offend is universal therefore can t explain who is criminal o Motivation to offend independent variable o must vary to explain variation in the dependent variable criminal conduct variation in the strength of social control is what explains variation in the o extent of which people engage in crime H persons control resides in ties to conventional society relationship to society These relationships social bonds 4 elements of the bond o Attachment emotionalaffective bond psychological presence o o o commitmen rational component consequences those with nothing to lose can deviate involvement idel hands weakest element because crime often doesnt take a lot of planning its spur of the moment belief in the moral worth of society s laws H variation in social bonds variation in crime H rejects view of classical school of crim opted for fundamentally sociological that crime is simply due to a weighing of costs and benefits Unlike classical he didn t see the benefits of crime as varying across individuals but as universally acceptable Matza necessary to suggest forces of preparation and
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