Final Review Fall 2013 CCJS 105 FC01 Matsuda Jaclyn Spielsinger Labeling Theory II CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES What is the focus of labeling theory compared to traditional theories of crime Labeling theory looks at the reactors labels can be positive Sanctions a punishment of offenders How people are labeled race ses age neighborhood What effect does labeling have on future behavior labeling process and labelers CRITICISM lose focus on actors What are some of the social historical issues that made labeling theory popular Civil rights racial inequality social and poverty intellectual content self reported studies distrust of state government What are the two primary questions asked by labeling perspectives Sensitizing perspective changes people perception Making people sensitive to other factors Critical conflict different values disagreements vs consensus agreements Questions 1 How people get labeled specifically 2 What are the effects of labeling affecting the future a Why certain racial ethnic socioeconomic classes Basic argument of labeling theory Idea that our individual identities are shaped by our interaction with the world How people react to you Self fulfilling prophecy Conflict Theory broad umbrella What is the focus of conflict theory compared to traditional theories of crime Focus on criminal justice system rather than offenders and criminals What is the basic difference between conflict and consensus perspectives Conflict emerging to exercise control over particular situations or events competing for access to resources money law Conflict there s a gap in agreement and Consensus all agree about law come together Conflict laws upper class The higher the social class structure the more powerful in society Conflict vs Consensus how theories view society Consensus legislatures social stratification Power Threat Theory Threat social control were stereotyped Threats growing numbers political representation ecominic criminal certain individuals who Final Review Fall 2013 CCJS 105 FC01 Matsuda Threat Hypothesis Majority white vs Minority black As threats increase majority responds by increasing social control social control police forces police expenditures arrests prosecutions convictions social control formal more deliberate criminal justice informal discrimination segregation What are some of the social historical issues that made conflict theory popular Civil rights Movement women gay rights workers and students Watergate scandal distrust of government deinstitutionalization was a product of this People of color are oppressed and people of light skin are more powerful Basic argument of conflict theory Law is a resource exercised by someone in power Gender Feminist Theory What are some of the reasons feminist theory became popular in criminology Women s liberation women s rights movement battered women Women were under represented Feminist because popular in Academia So little attention paid to females in criminal justice system How has feminist theory influenced operation of the justice system Feminist criminologist Feminists want laws policies and procedures changed Video of woman who was beaten took 3 calls to police before they came Police viewed child and domestic abuse as a private matter How has feminist theory influenced theories of crime and female offending Women s Liberation Hypothesis as women became more equal more crime would occur by women Domestic violence and sexual assault Advocates influenced policy and criminal behavior females commit Social Learning Theory Sutherland differential association theory Interaction with others and what is learned are definitions value motives and techniques how to Main Point Ratio of favorable violation vs non favorable to law violation Associations vary by frequency duration priority and intensity Akers what does he contribute to Sutherland s original theory Reinforcement increase behavior positive giving adding ex reward of money status adrenaline satisfaction negative Removing something ex removal of pain stimulus aversive stealing something to avoid hunger Punishment decrease in behavior ex jail negative ex loosening innocence removal of reward Added limitation model people can learn through limitation and model of others Discriminative Stimuli cues signals habit Schedules reinforcement occurs at different rates Encompasses deterrence a classical school reference both specific and general Reinforcements can be actual or anticipated Final Review Fall 2013 CCJS 105 FC01 Matsuda Distant reference groups media televisions and movies can learn through the media One s position in social structure determines exposure to different definitions and types of learning Understand principles of operant conditioning reinforcement positive negative and punishment positive negative Social Control Theory What is the basic assumption of all social control theories Everyone is capable of crime The difference in human nature to mechanisms of crime Human nature is essentially criminal Be able to explain what Durkheim meant when he said that crime is functional and when he referred to a society of saints Crime is functional has a purpose creates boundaries for other people Society of saints to explain that there s still crime but it has a different definition What is the difference between social control and self control Self control internal beliefs morals Social control sanctions formal societies reaction peers family workforce ego What four things does Hirschi argue prevents involvement in delinquency criminal behavior Attachment important for creating conformity even when those others are deviant themselves greater social bond less crime parents teachers peers Involvement degree of activity available for conventional unbehavior how busy people keep greater involvement less crime Commitment investment time money education family relationships Belief respect attitudes toward right and wrong What do Gottfredson Hirschi argue prevents involvement in delinquency criminal behavior Internal control talk about what leads to development of self control parenting appropriate parenting is consistent which leads to stable self control The lower the self control the higher the levels of analogous behavior and crime higher alcohol use drugs altercations How is social disorganization theory Chicago School a control theory Social disorganization lack of interaction don t share the same goals weakening of community level controls Internalized norms
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