CCJS105 FINAL EXAM WORKSHEET 1 Theory conformity attempts to organize explain and predict crime deviance and or a Not tautological circular b Policy implications c Empirical support d Fits the facts e Must be observable f Must be replicated g Main goals control organize predict explain COPE 2 Positivist Criminology a Crime not caused by free will b Crime caused by biological sociological psychological factors c Scientific approach objective and systematic d EX Lombroso s Born Criminal i People born with innate tendency to commit crime homo delinquens ii Asymmetrical skull flattened nose large ears fat lips big jaws high cheekbones Mongolian eyes tattoos slang 3 Classical Criminology a People choose to engage in crime b Weigh positives and negatives rational c Prevent crimes through punishments d All people motivated to commit crime free will e Most notable thinker Beccaria 4 Crime 5 Conformity 6 Deviance 7 Social norm a 4 types violation of criminal law adherence to social norms violation of social norms expectations of for behavior i Folkways ii Mores iii Laws iv Taboos 8 3 sources of data used in criminology a Official Data known to police Uniform Crime Reports UCR b Victimization Data National Crime Victimization Survey NCVS c Self report data 9 Uniform Crime Reports UCR a Always 2 years behind b Compiled by FBI since 1930 c Part I Offense Index Crimes i VIOLENT PERSONAL CRIMES 1 Homicide 2 Forcible rape 3 Robbery 4 Aggravated assault ii PROPERTY CRIMES 1 Burglary 2 Larceny 3 Motor vehicle theft 4 Arson d Part II Offenses other offenses 10 National Incident Based Reporting System NIBRS a Alternative to UCR b Extensive information on offenses relationship with victim use of alch drugs etc 11 National Crime Victimization Survey NCVS a Taps into dark figure of crime crimes not reported to police b Detailed info about offenses contexts of crime characteristics of victims c Data collected through interviews d Households selected randomly every 6 months for 3 years e Only includes age 12 and older f More accurate estimate of crime than UCR 12 Differences b w UCR and NCVS a NCVS reports much more violent crime i UCR does not include simple assault b NCVS doesn t include homicide white collar corporate crime 13 Self Report Surveys a Surveys with offenders b Purpose collect data independently of police 14 Mens rea criminal mind desire to commit criminal act 15 Actus rea actual criminal act 16 Mala in se crimes across board inherently evil 17 Mala prohibita crimes according to certain societies drinking age 18 Deterrence prevention of crime through fear of punishment a Based on Classical school principles b c Punishments must involve Involves rational calculation pleasure vs pain i Proportional severity ii Celerity swiftness iii Certainty iv Punishment must be made public d Key communication of threat e 2 types of deterrence i ABSOLUTE person remains from committing crime throughout life ii RESTRICTIVE some time period person will refrain from committing crime speeding in camera zone f Found that deterrence does not really work 19 Routine activities theory lifestyles contribute to volume type of crime 20 3 elements of routine activities theory a Motivated offenders b Suitable targets c Absence of capable guardians 21 Originals of Positivist school a Darwin origin of species b Lombroso main thinker i Some people born with innate tendency to commit crime c Anthropometry science of measuring body parts 22 Social disorganization theory a Population instability b Ethnic racial heterogeneity lack of informal social control c Poverty 23 Collective efficacy willingness of residents to exercise informal social control mutual trust social cohesion a Not just opposite of social disorganization 24 Ecological fallacy 25 EVOLUTION OF STRAIN THEORY macro level predictors to evaluate individual behaviors a Durkheim anomie norm confusion i Deviance is necessary ii People want norms to govern regulate behavior b Merton main American goal financial success i Lack of legit means for accomplishing goal ii Crime strain between means and goals c Agnew other stressors lead to strain i Anger b c of limited opportunities deviance ii Characteristics of strain 1 Perceived as unjust 2 High in magnitude 3 Associated with low self control 4 Create pressure incentive for criminal coping d Adaptations to strain i LEGITIMATE 1 Conformist keep on doing right thing 2 Ritualist still accepting of legal means reject goals ii ILLEGITIMATE 1 Innovator do crimes to achieve material success 2 Retreatist reject goals and means drug addicts 3 Rebels blame system political radicals terrorists 26 Differential association theory Sutherland a Criminal behavior learned through interactions with others b Main learning in intimate groups c Person becomes criminal when definitions favorable to violating the law exceed those unfavorable to violating law d Differential associations vary in duration priority frequency intensity e Criminality cannot be explained by general needs values 27 Social learning theory Akers a All behavior learned through operant conditioning b Can occur in nonsocial situations ex Drug use c Principle part of learning occurs in groups groups provide reinforcement d Social learning through reinforcement increase behavior and punishment decrease behavior 28 Five categories of NEUTRALIZATION Sykes Matza a Denial of responsibility b Denial of injury c Denial of victim d Condemn the condemners e Appeal to higher loyalties 29 Social bond theory Hirschi a Everyone feels urges to commit crime b People act on motivation b c they are released from restraint c People with strong social bond do not commit crime d 4 elements i Attachment ii Commitment iii iv Belief in morality of law Involvement in pro social activities 30 General theory of crime self control theory a By Gottfredson and Hirschi b Explanation of crime from social control to individual s lack of personal self control c Examined characteristics of crime and criminals d Criminal tendency must be acquired early in life and must be stable over time e Only patterns crime declines with age f Low self control does not require crime g People born with low self control i Learn restraint by age 8 by effective parenting 31 Life course theories a Crime developmental process b Propensity to commit crime not stable and changes over time 32 Conflict theory a Focus on deviance origins of rules norms b 6 principles i Society made of diverse social groups ii Each group holds
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