Violence is aggressive behavior with the intent to cause harm physical or psychological Violence Types of Violence Expressive Goal is to cause harm Instrumental Goal is other than to harm classical theories apply Homicide Killing of one human being by another Justifiable homicide Unlawful act of killing that can be justified police shooting or self defense Criminal homicide 1 First degree murder Intent to effect death deliberate and premeditated 2 Second degree murder Intent to effect death not deliberate or premeditated 3 Manslaughter Unlawful killing of a person without malice Voluntary Intentional Involuntary Unintentional vehicular homicides Murder Intentional killing of another person with malice afterthought Killing in the course of an applicable felony Requires no intention to kill Often first degree Multiple murders weeks or more murders 1 Serial murder the killing of several victims in 3 or more separate incidents separated by 2 Mass murder the killing of four or more victims at one location on a single occasion 3 Spree murder killing at two or more locations with almost no time break between Homicide has the highest rate of detection and clearance rates of arrest Victim Precipitation When the victim is the one that begins the altercation and they threaten or use violence resulting in their own injury Nearly all murders arise from some form of aggravated assault Highest in the southern states Dipped after 1993 resurged in 1960s declined in 1990s Other Forms of Violence 1 Workplace violence Police officers Highest risk of victimization followed by correctional officers taxi drivers 2nd most common cause of on the job deaths Accounts for 18 of total violent crime Assault is most common private security 2 School violence Highest in U S The probability of being killed at school is low Has declined in the 1990s 3 Spouse Abuse 85 of intimate abuse victims are females Survey 1 of every 6 couples experiences at least one physical assault year One half of the domestic assault incidents not reported Characteristics of abusers Alcohol drug abuse Having been an abused child Economic problems Some evidence that formal action arrest and prosecution is most effective intervention 4 Child Abuse Leads to high risk of offending later on Most common in lower income families fewer resources Difficult to measure the extent of child abuse child victims rarely report to police Interventions not effective because children cannot leave home 5 Elder Abuse Increasing because of growing population of elderly Types based on living arrangements Domestic Institutional Self neglect 6 Robbery Violent crime but ultimate purpose is property Conklin s Typology Under reported because victims know offenders there is a stigma attached and fear 7 Sexual Assault Violent Crime Types Stranger Date acquaintance Statutory Burglary Highest and lowest income households victimized Timings during night in buildings daytime in houses Low clearance rate 12 5 Decreasing in last 3 decades Larceny deprive the owner of the property permanently Largest category of the UCR index Fence a person who buys stolen property for resale 2 Motor vehicle theft Most regularly reporter of larcenies 90 Police reports required for insurance reimbursement Typology of auto theft Joyriding mostly by juveniles likely to be recovered Short term transportation Long term transportation Profit motivated chop shop Target hardening routine activity theory 3 Amateur thieves A trespass taking and carrying away of personal property belonging to another with the intent to Pocket picking purse snatching are least common because face to face with victim Shoplifting and motor vehicle theft are more common because they are less confrontational 1 Shoplifting Boosters are professional vs Snitches who are opportunists Most retail thefts involve employee pilfering goods 60 of inventory shrinkage Occasional offenders Little skill little risk Unplanned motivating by pressing situations Not professional criminals lead a conventional life 4 Professional thieves Make a career of stealing take pride in their profession Well developed technical skills Learn from others and protect others Any willful or attempted malicious burning of a structure vehicle aircraft or property of Arson another Types Profit motivated Revenge Vandalism Crime concealment Sabotage Excitement White Collar Crime Sutherland Theories that only explain lower class crime are inadequate because they cannot explain business crime hard to study because the companies have the power to shape what laws pass and how existing statutes are enforced Little is known about the extent of these crimes Our primary sourced of data such as the UCR and the NCVS do not include much information about corporate and occupational crimes Occupational Crime Personal violation that takes place for self benefit during the course of a legitimate occupational Embezzlement a theft from an employer by an individual who is in a position of financial trust employee pilferage Corporate Organizational Crime Crimes committed by officials on behalf of the employing organization price fixing tax violations sale of unsafe products corporate dumping fraud against government Enron The Sherman Antitrust Act 1890 forbids restraint of trade and the formation of 4 Some regulatory agency employees have an interest in representing the interest of monopolies makes price fixing a felony Corporate crime is mostly controlled by regulatory agencies Federal Trade Commission FTC Food and Drug Administration FDA Criticisms of regulatory agencies 1 Reliance on records from organization being regulated 2 Fines are too small 3 Criminal penalties rarely used the corporations Theories of White Collar Crimes Exposure to a criminal culture Sutherland s differential association theory Competitive financial world Merton s anomie theory Excessive emphasis on financial achievement could weaken morals Money laundering Common in casinos 1 Placement 2 Layering 3 Integration Investigative procedures Financial analysis Following paper trails Electronic surveillance Wiretapping bugs Commission Trials Use of Informants Insiders who provide information Undercover agents Organized Crime Groups that utilize violence or threats of violence provide illicit goods that are in public demand assure immunity for their operators through corruption and enforcement Defining organized crime as a continuum along the four dimensions Four Myths of Street Gangs Klein 1 They are highly
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