FAD 3220 EXAM 2 1 Growth in Middle Childhood Chapter 5 Middle Childhood Physical Development in Middle Childhood o Ages 6 to 11 elementary school years o Physical growth is characterized by slow and steady o Grow 2 3 inches per year from 6 to 11 o Gain 5 to 7 pounds a year o Bodies more muscular and strong o Girls a little taller than boys and girls retain more fatty tissue Girls average 4 10 Boys average 4 9 Cultural Patterns of Growth o Girls begin their growth spurt at 10 yrs o Inadequate nutrition and disease take their toll on children in other parts of the world Shorter and weigh less o U S most variations in height and weight are results of genetic inheritance genetic factors relating to racial and ethnic background Asian children tend to be shorter than of northern and Growth rate more rapid in black children than for white central European children o Can t attribute racial and ethnic differences only to genetic factors Dietary customs Variations in levels of affluence Severe stress Nutrition Affecting the pituitary gland affecting growth o Average of 2400 calories needed for growth and exertion o Obesity is on the rise for children 15 o Obese children are likely to be overweight as adults and have o Diet genes and social characteristics influence obesity o Lack of exercise is a major factor greater risk for diseases pull up and about 25 can t do any About 40 of boys 6 12 are unable to do more than one o Sedentary activities prevent exercise and encourage excessive From 6 18 boys decrease their physical activity by 24 snacking Motor Development and girls by 36 FAD 3220 EXAM 2 2 Health o Motor skills continue to develop and improve o Gross motor skills Boys and girls show equal amounts of gross motor skill Children can play in co ed teams and have the same Improved muscle coordination performance during this time level of skills No reason to separate sexes in exercise and sports o Girls are smaller in size more susceptible to until puberty injury in contact sports 6 7 yrs tie shoes fasten buttons 8 yrs use each hand independently 11 12 yrs can manipulate objects with almost as much capability as they will show in adulthood Improvements in ability is a result of an increase of myelin in the brain between ages 6 8 Message reaches muscles more rapidly and control them better o Fine motor skills o This is a period of robust health with mild and brief illnesses o More than 90 of children are likely to have at least one serious medical condition over the 6 year period of middle childhood o 1 9 children have a chronic persistent condition More than 15 million affected More prevalent in racial and ethnic minorities o Children may also experience the following Asthma Accidents Ages 5 14 rate of injury increases Boys more apt to get hurt than girls Some ethnic and racial groups are at greater risk o American Indian and Alaska Natives highest o Asian and Pacific Islanders lowest injury death than others injury death rates rates Bicycle accidents Automobile accidents o Most frequent cause of injury o 5 out of every 100 000 children between kids Fires and burns drowning and gun related deaths in 5 9 order FAD 3220 EXAM 2 3 Internet safety parental supervision is key Psychological disorders o Bipolar disorder Cycles back and forth between extreme emotional states o 1 in 5 kids and teens have a psychological disorder that produces unrealistically high spirits and energy and depression at least one impairment 5 suffer from childhood depression 13 of children between ages 9 17 experience anxiety disorder Children with special needs o Estimated cost of treatment per year is 250 billion o Visual impairment o Auditory impairment Blindness below 20 200 after correction Partial sightedness less than 20 70 after correction Hearing impairment can occur at certain frequencies or Can affect language development abstract thinking Stuttering substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency pitches o Speech impairment of speech Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD o Learning disabilities o Disorder marked by inattention impulsiveness low tolerance for o All children show these traits sometimes but for children with frustration and general inappropriate activity ADHD behaviors are common and interfere with home and school life o Common symptoms Difficulty finishing tasks following instructions and organizing Inability to sit still fidgeting squirming Frequent interruption of others or excessive talking o Boys are twice as likely to be diagnosed o Cause is unknown but is attributed to a delay in brain development issues Thickening of the brains cortex o Treatment psychotropic medications behavior therapy Cognitive Development in middle childhood Piaget s Approach to Middle Childhood o Children enter the stage of concrete operational thought FAD 3220 EXAM 2 4 Information Processing Characterized by the actual and appropriate use of logic using mental operations reasoning to solve concrete actual problems the ability to take multiple aspects of a Children are less egocentric Decentering situation into account Reversibility Causality Unable to understand truly abstract or hypothetical transformations can be reversed questions or one that involve formal logic the process by which memory is encoded stored and o Memory retrieved o Short term memory working memory greatly improves during an understanding of the processes the underlie o Metamemory this time memory Kids can develop control strategies to improve memory like repetition rehearsal or elaboration o Improving memory Keyword strategy Can help students learn a foreign language state capitals or any information that pairs two sets of words or labels that sound alike o Vygotsky s approach has encouraged the development of classroom practices that promote children s active participation in their learning Children should experiment and try out new activities Activities should involve interaction with others both child The interactions must be carefully structured to fall within o Cooperative learning work in groups to achieve a common goal o Reciprocal teaching adult and child child each child s ZPD Technique to teach reading comprehension strategies 1 Skim the content of a passage 2 Raise questions about its central point 3 Summarize the passage 4 Predict what will happen next Vygotsky s Approach FAD 3220 EXAM 2 5 Method has shown great success in raising reading comprehension levels particularly for students experiencing reading difficulties
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