FSU FAD 3220 - Chapter 1: The Study of Human Development

Unformatted text preview:

Chapter 1 The Study of Human Development EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE Human development is the study of patterns of change and stability in human growth Human Development throughout the life Goals Description example to describe when most children say their first word or how large their vocabulary typically is at a certain age developmental scientists observe large groups of children and establish norms or averages for behavior at various ages Explanation example explain how children acquire language and why some children learn to speak later than usual Prediction example predicts future behavior such as the likelihood that a child will have a serious speech problem Intervention example an understanding of how language develops may be used to intervene in development such as giving a child speech therapy Human development has the following characteristics Systematic organized advanced technology Adaptive to internal and external conditions Life span development concept of human development as lifelong process which can be studied scientifically Domains of Development Physical development growth of body and brain including patterns of change in sensory capacities motor skills and health Cognitive development pattern of change in mental abilities such as learning attention memory language thinking reasoning and creativity Psychosocial development pattern of change in emotions personality and social relationships Periods of the Life Span The life span periods are social constructions Social construction a concept or practice that may appear natural and obvious to those who accept it but that in reality is an invention of a particular culture or society Childhood is considered a time of relative freedom in the U S now but in colonial times children were considered small adults and expected to do adult like tasks Adolescence is a new concept developed in industrial societies around the 1920s with the introduction of high schools Teenagers could be supported by family for longer amounts of time then before due to economy industrialization Adulthood young middle and late also a social construction opinion based Is someone an adult when they start smoking able to buy alcohol fight in wars vote get married or when they receive own health insurance Typical Major Developments in Eight Periods of Human Development Prenatal period conception to birth Infancy and toddlerhood birth to age 3 Early childhood ages 3 to 6 Middle childhood ages 6 to 11 Adolescence ages 11 to 20 Emerging and young adulthood ages 20 to 40 Middle adulthood ages 40 to 65 Late adulthood ages 65 and over Influences on Development Heredity inborn traits or characteristics inherited from the biological parents DNA chromosomes genes Environment totality of nonhereditary or experiential influences on development Parents siblings schools neighborhoods communities Maturation unfolding of a natural sequence of physical and behavioral changes Changes over time Contexts of development Contexts environments philosophies institutions For an infant the immediate context normally is the family but the family in turn is subject to the wider and ever changing influences of neighborhood community and society Family Nuclear family two generational kinship economic and household unit consisting of one or two parents and their biological children adopted children or stepchildren Extended family multigenerational kinship network of parents children and other relatives sometimes living together in an extended family household Socioeconomic status SES combination of economic and social factors describing an individual or family including income education and occupation Historical context the time in which people live As early longitudinal studies of childhood extended into the adult years investigators began to focus on how certain experiences tied to time and place affect the course of people s lives Gender roles Culture a society s or group s total way of life including customs traditions beliefs values language and physical products all learned behavior passed on from parents to children Ethnic group a group united by ancestry race religion language or national origins which contribute to a sense of shared identity Language Religion Geographic location Influences on Development Normative influences characteristic of an event that occurs in a similar way for most people in a group biological or environmental events that affect many or most people in a society in similar ways and events that touch only certain individuals Normative age graded influences highly similar for people in a particular age group Example people don t experience puberty at age 35 or menopause at 12 Normative history graded influences significant events such as the Great Depression or World War II that shape the behavior and attitudes of a historical generation Historical generation a group of people strongly influenced by a major historical event during their formative period Nonnormative Influences characteristic of an unusual event that happens to a particular person or a typical event that happens at an unusual time of life affects the individual like a unique circumstance disease disability trauma typical events that happen at an atypical time of life such as the death of a parent when a child is young Atypical events such as surviving a plane crash Critical periods Imprinting instinctive form of learning in which during a critical period in early development a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees usually the mother Predisposition toward learning the readiness of an organism s nervous system to acquire certain information during a brief critical period in life Example of the well known study of Konrad Lorenz and the newborn ducklings that followed him around after seeing him when they first hatched 1957 Critical period a specific time when a given event or its absence has a specific impact on development If a necessary event does not occur during a critical period of maturation normal development will not occur and the resulting abnormal patterns may be irreversible Plasticity range of modifiability of performance There are individual differences in plasticity of responses to environmental events as well Some children may be more profoundly affected by childhood experiences whether positive or negative than other children Sensitive periods times in development when a person is particularly open to certain kinds of experiences Seven Principle


View Full Document

FSU FAD 3220 - Chapter 1: The Study of Human Development

Documents in this Course
Chapter 1

Chapter 1

24 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

39 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

7 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

11 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

22 pages

Chapter 7

Chapter 7

11 pages

Chapter 7

Chapter 7

11 pages

Chapter 7

Chapter 7

26 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

9 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

17 pages

Chapter 7

Chapter 7

32 pages

Chapter 7

Chapter 7

10 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

22 pages

Test #2

Test #2

14 pages

Test #2

Test #2

14 pages

Test #2

Test #2

14 pages

Chapter 1

Chapter 1

25 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

22 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

22 pages

Chapter 6

Chapter 6

88 pages

Load more
Download Chapter 1: The Study of Human Development
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Chapter 1: The Study of Human Development and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Chapter 1: The Study of Human Development 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?