FINAL STUDY GUIDEChapter 13• Emerging adulthood: o Most people define adulthood through 3 criteria: 1) accepting responsibility for oneself 2) making independent decisions and 3) becoming financially independent o Since the 1950’s Usually late teens through mid to late twenties, it is a proposed transitional period between adolescence and adulthood commonly found in industrialized countries. o The United States a variety of markers of what emerging adulthood means. Sexual Maturity: during adolescence Cognitive maturity: takes longer Legal adulthood: 18-21 years of age Psychological maturity: may depend on some achievements like finding one’s identity.• Influences on healtho Genetic influenceso Behavioral influences• Diet, weight gain/obesity, sleep – barriers to healthy lifestyleo Diet: Those who eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, and other plants are less likely to develop health problems like high blood pressure than those who eat a diet heavy in meat. The recommendation is a “Mediterranean” style diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grainso Obesity/Overweight: Obesity is on the rise, if obesity and overweight are together about 68% of Americans would meet this criteria; women’s rates are staying the same but male rates are increasing; DUE TO INCREASE IN SNACKING, FAST FOOD, BIGGER PORTIONS, SEDENTARY PURSIITSo Sleep: Deprivation affects not only physical health but also cognitive, emotional and social functioning• Indirect – SES, relationshipso SES: Income and education are related to environmental and lifestyle factors. Better-educated and more affluent people tend to have healthier diets and better preventive health care and medical treatment , may also exercise more o Relationships: These are vital to health and well being. - Social integration: active engagement in a broad range of social relationships, activities and roles. This is associated with lower mortality rates - Social Support• Peak of illicit drug use – most popular drug?o Peaks ar 18 to 25 years of age. Marijuana is the most popular drug among young adults. • Infertility -# 1 cause for men and womeno For men: production of too few sperm; female: failure to produce ova or to produce normal ova; mucus in cervix, disease in uterine lining • Postformalo Mature type of thinking that relies on subjective experience and intuition as well as logic and allows room for ambiguity, uncertainty, inconsistency, contradiction, imperfection, and compromise.o Begins in emerging adulthood, often through exposure to a higher educationo Relativistic; operates in a social and emotional context• Emotional intelligenceo Refers to four related skills: abilities to perceive, use, understand, and manage (regulate) emotions –our own and those of others-o Affects the quality of personal relationships as well as effectiveness at work• College transitiono Recently more people are taking this path (about 2/3) due to the online courses that are now available o Larger amount of femaleso More likely if from a higher-income familyo 72% of degrees earned by white studentso Family support is a key factor in adjustmento Finishing college has not become more common • Spillover hypothesiso Hypothesis that there Is a carryover of cognitive gains from work to leisure that explains the positive relationship between activities in the quality of intellectual functioning Chapter 14• Recenteringo Process that underlies the shift to an adult identity- Stage 1: still embedded in the family of origin- Stage 2: Remains connected to but no longer embedded within the family of origin (may still be financially dependent)- Stage 3: usually by age 30, marked by independence from family of origin, commitment to career, partner, children• Adult relationship with parentso Adult children may still need parental acceptance, empathy and support, attachment is still keyo Usually best relationship if child takes a normative life course as has deferred parenthood until later• Quality of parent-adult child relationship may be affected by the relationship between the mother and father. Child may be “caught in the middle”• Failure to launcho When adult children live with their parentso Has become more common in the US, especially in high-income familieso View that the children are lazy is inaccurate, usually due to economic concerns• Eriksono Intimacy VS Isolation: young adults either form strong, long-lasting bonds with friends and romantic partners or face a possible sense of isolation and self-absorption o Resolution is the virtue of love • Timing of events – normative, social clocko Developmental tasks need to be accomplished for successful adaptation to each stage of life, not merely about the attainment of adulthoodo Commonly expected life experiences that occur at customary timeso Social clock: set of cultural norms or expectations for the times of life when certain important events, such as marriage, parenthood, retirement should occuro If events don’t occur on time, stress can be a result• Five factor model of personalityo Based on the “Big Five”: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, agreeablenesso Appear to be linked to various aspects of health and well-beingo Debate whether changes with age• Friendship – fictive kino Tend to center on work and parenting activities o Don’t rely on friends as much to fulfill social needso Women have more intimate friendso Fictive kin: friends who are considered and behave like family members• Love – Sternbergo Triangular theory of love: balance between intimacy, passion, and commitment • Gay and Lesbian relationshipso In most ways have same patterns as heterosexual couples o But: more likely to negotiate household chores, resolve conflicts in a more positive atmosphere, less stable• Cohabitationo Less satisfying and less stable than marriages o And divorce- Usually more common after a divorce but can contribute to instability in a new marriage• Marital satisfactiono Married people tend to be happier than unmarried people unless in unhappy marriageo Better off financiallyo As happy as in the past, but now less time doing things together• Expectations ando Women place more importance on emotional expressiveness • Marital successo Depends on partners’ happiness with relationship, sensitivity to each other, validation of each other’s feelings, communication and conflict management o More happy if
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