9/3/13Chapter 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development- Major Perspectiveo Psychoanalytic o Learningo Cognitiveo Contextualo Evolutionary/Sociobiological - Psychoanalytic: Psychosexualo Sigmund Freudo Unconscious forces that motivate human behavior Sex: life Aggression: deatho Parts of personality Id: pleasure principle Ego: reality principle Superego: morality principle, should principle o Psychosexual stages: Oral (birth to 12 to 18 months) Anal (12 to 18 months to 3 years) Phallic (3 to 6 years) Latency (6 years to puberty) Genital (puberty through adulthood) - Psychoanalytic: Psychosocialo Erik Eriksono Influence of society on developing personalityo Covers 8 stages of lifespan: each stage is a crisis in personalityo Balancing positive tendency with the negative one (crisis that needs to be resolved)- Learningo Objective laws that govern changes in observable behavioro Long lasting change in behavior based on experience or adaptation to the environmento Continuous (not in stages) and quantitative - Learning: Behaviorism o Behaviorism= environment more influential than biologyo Classical conditioning: occurs throughout life, accident or bad experience Ivan Pavlov Stimulus responseo Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner Reinforcement (behavior strengthened) and punishment (behavior weakened)- Reinforcement is most effective immediately after behavior- Social Learning Theoryo Albert Bandura: greater emphasis on cognitive processes as central to developmento Reciprocal determinism: the person acts on the world as the world acts on the persono Observational learning/modeling o Cultural view of what is valued - Cognitiveo Begins with an inborn ability to adapt to the environment o Does not account for emergence of mature abilitieso Jean Piageto Children develop as an effort to understand an act on their worldo Organization: creating categories (more complex as we age)o Adaptation Assimilation: adjusting the information Accommodation: adjusting one’s cognitive structureso Equilibrium: balance Shift from assimilation to accommodation - Cognitive: Socialculturalo Lev Vygotskyo Children learn through social interaction Helps support children through what is just beyond their reach Advanced peers help childreno Zone of proximal development: the gap between what children can do and what they are not quite ready to accomplish themselveso Scaffolding: temporary support parents, teachers give child- Contextualo Urie Bronfenbrenner (bioecological theory)o Development is only understood in social contexts Microsystem: directly involved in developing individual (home, school, work) Mesosystem: links between parts of microsystem Exosystem: links between micro and outside systems (ex.: media, government) Macrosystem: overachieving cultural patterns Chronosystem: dimension of time- Evolutionary/Sociobiological o E.O. Wilsono Based on Darwin: adaptive behaviors of a species will lead to survival of the fittesto People unconsciously strive, not only for personal survival, but to perpetuate their genetic
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