Chapter 1Human development- Human development is the study of patterns of change and stability in human growth throughout the life.- Human development has the following characteristics:o Systematic: organizedo Adaptive: to internal and external conditionso Life span development: life-long processDomains of development- Physical development - Cognitive development- Psychosocial developmentPeriods of life span- The life span periods are social constructionso Childhoodo Adolescenceo Adulthood: “when you are an adult?” Smoke cigs By alcohol Fight in a war Vote Get married Get your own health insuranceWhat we will study- Prenatal period (conception to birth)- Infant and toddlerhood (birth to 3)- Early childhood (3 to 6)- Middle childhood (6-11)- Adolescence (11 to 20)- Emerging and young adulthood (20 to 40)- Middle adulthood (40 to 65)- Late adulthood (65 +)Influences on development- Heredityo DNA, Chromosomes, Genes- Environmento Parents, siblings, schools, neighborhoods, communities- Maturationo Changes over time Context of development- Contexts= Environments, Philosophies, institutions- Family - Socioeconomic status (SES)- Gender roles- Cultureo Ethnicityo Languageo Religiono Geographic locationInfluences on Development- Normativeo Normative age-graded influenceso Normative history-graded influences- Nonnormative influenceso Affects the individual, like a unique circumstance o Disease, disability, traumaCHAPTER 2Theoretical perspectives on human development- Psychoanalytic o Sigmund Freudo Unconscious forces that motivate human behavior Sex: life Aggression: deatho Parts of personality Id: Pleasure principle (instant gratification) Ego: reality principle (balances) Superego: morality principle (conscience)o Psychosexual stageso Oral- may grow up to become nail-biters (birth to 12-18 months)o Anal- too strict potty training may become obsessively clean o Phallic- boys become sexually attracted to mothers and nice versa o Latency- gain relationships, hobbies and social exploration o Genital- adulthood socially approved heterosexual relations - Psychoanalytic: Psychosocial o Erik Eriksono Influence of society on developing personalityo Covers 8 stages across lifespan (basic trust vs. mistrust..etc)o Balancing positive tendency with the negative one (crisis that needs to be resolved)- Learning o Long lasting change in behavior based on experience or adaptation to the environmento Continuous (not in stages) and quantitative o Learning: behaviorism o Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov Stimulus and responseo Operant conditioning B.F Skinner Reinforcement and punishment o Social learning theory- Albert Bandurao Reciprocal determinism: the person acts on the world as the world acts on the person o Observational learning/modelingo Cultural view of what is valuedo Social acceptable behaviors are reinforced through praise, attention and acceptance from society (parents, caregivers, teachers)- Cognitiveo Jean Piageto Children develop as an effort to understand and act on their worldo Organization: creating categorieso Adaptation Assimilation: adjusting the information to fit cognitive structures Accommodation: adjusting one’s cognitive structures o Equilibration: balanceo Cognitive: sociocultural theory Lev Vygotsky Children learn through social interactiono Helps support child through what is just beyond their reach Zone of proximal distance: the gap between what children can doand what they not quite ready to accomplish by themselves Scaffolding- unable to provide all labels for all information but parent provides a little information (cat, lion)- Contextual- Urie Bronfenbrenner (Bioecological theory)o Development is only understood in social contexts Mircosystem: directly involved in developing individual (home, school, work) Mesosystem: links between parts of microsystem Exosystem: links between micro and outside systems (ex. Tmedia, government) Macrosystem; overarching cultural patterns Chronosystem: dimension of time - Evolutionary/sociobiological- E.O Wilsono Based on Darwin: adaptive behaviors of a species will lead to survival of the fittesto People unconsciously strive, not only for personal survival but to perpetuate theirgenetic legacy Chapter 3Prenatal development, birth, and the newborn babyFertility and Fertilization- Fertile window: between 6th and 21st days of menstrual calendaro Week before, week after menstruationo Highly predictable- Gametes: sex cells (sperm & egg/ovum)- Zygote: single cell when sperm fertilizes ovumFemale factors- Each female: 2 ovaries, 2 million ova, each ova in follicle- Ovary: storage center- Fallopian tube: cilia to move alongo Fertilization usually occurs here- Uterus: womb, implantation- Cervix: opening of the uterus Male factors- Spermo Several hundred million a dayo Ejaculated in the semen- Testes: sperm production Multiple Births: twins- Two ovao Two releasedo Unfertilized ova splitso Dizygotic twins (fraternal twins)- One ovao Single fertilized ova splitso Monozygotic twins (identical twins)- Triples, Quadruplets, Quintuplets, etco Nature of fertility drugs can caused women to ovulate many ova, thus increasing the likelihood of multiple fertilizationo Other fertility treatments (e.g shaving the egg for implantation) can increase the likelihood that eggs can split Basics of genetics- DNA- Chromosomes: coils of DNAo 23 pairs of chromosomes in human cell- Genes: functional units of heredity- Human genome: complete set of genes in the human body- Mitosis: cell-division of nonsex cells Determining sex- 23 from egg, 23 from sperm = 23 pairs- Autosomes: 22 pairs not related to sexual expression- Sex chromosomes: 23rd pair- Male XY- Female XXGenetic Transmission Patterns- Dominant allele- Recessive allele- Homozygous: 2 dominant or 2 recessive- Heterozygous: one dominant, one recessive- E.g tongue curling Genetic Transmission Patterns- Polygenic inheritance: interaction of several geneso Skin color, inheritance- Mutations: permanent alterations in genetic material- Genotype: genetic code- Phenotype: physical expression of the code Genetic Abnormalities - 1 leading cause of infant death in the US- Most prevalento Cleft lip, cleft palate, down syndrome - Not all are apparent at birth, and may not appear until 6 monthsInheritance of Defects- Most normal genes are dominant over those carrying abnormal traits, however some dominant traits can be abnormal-
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