Gender - what it means to be male or femaleBoys tend to play more actively and aggressivelyStarts at 17 months oldSay more words related to their own gender2 years oldTend to imitate more gender based tasksEX) boy might pretend like he’s shaving; a girl might pretend she’s carrying her baby (because they’ve seen their parents do this)How parents shape genderGender-typing – the process by which children learn behavior that their culture considers appropriate for each sexDifferences cross culturallyFathers talk more to sons; mothers talk more to daughtersFathers play more aggressively with boys; show more sensitivity towards girlsErikson: Developing TrustEarly experiences are key for trustTrust vs. mistrust – birth-18 monthsErikson’s first stagesDevelop a sense of reliability of people and objectsBalanceTrust needed to form intimate relationshipsMistrust for self-protectionFormed by responsive, consistent caregivingBased on feedingDevelopment AttachmentsAttachment – a reciprocal, enduring emotional tie between and infant and caregiver, each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationshipEvolutionary benefit predisposed to attachment, promotes survivalStrange situation – youtube video where Lisa played with toys, her mom left, stranger came in, and they switched back and forth.Attachment StylesFound 3 types of attachmentSecure (60-75%) – cries or protests when the caregiver leaves and actively seeks out the caregiver when he/she returns.Avoidant (15-25%) – rarely cries when separated and avoids contact when returnsResistant/ambivalent (10-15%) – anxious before leaving, extremely upset when gone, and both seeks and resists when returnsThese styles are universalFourth pattern…Disorganized-Disoriented (~10%) – pattern in which an infant, after separating from the caregiver, shows contradictory repetitious, or misdirected behaviors on his/her returnThought of as least-securePredicts future behavioral and adjustment problemsAnxietyStranger anxiety – wariness of strange people and placesFairly typicalSecond half of the first yearSeparation anxiety – distress when a familiar caregiver leavesNot an indication of attachmentAttachment Long-Term EffectsSecure attachment – friendly, adventurous, empathic, self-confident, resilient, form close relationshipsInsecure attachment – hostility, dependency, problems, psychiatric disordersIntergenerational transmissionEmotional Communication with CaregiversMutual regulation – process by which infant and caregiver communicate emotional states to each other and respond appropriatelyAids in learning to read emotions expressed by othersSocial referencing – understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking another person’s perception of itPlays a role in self-conscious emotionsSocializationDevelopmental IssuesSelf-concept – image of ourselves, total picture of our abilities and traitsBased on self-awareness – distinguishing self from others/objectsRed nose experiment (18-24 months)As self-awareness develops, children start to use first-person pronouns and descriptive terms about themselvesAutonomy vs. Shame & DoubtErikson’s 2nd stage in developmentStart to use their own judgmentsAchieve balance between self-determination and control by others“Terrible two’s”Moral DevelopmentSocialization – process by which children develop habits, skills, values and motives that make the responsible members in societyInternalization – process by which children accept societal standards of conduct as their ownSelf-regulation – a child’s control of behavior to standards and expectations, even when caregiver is not aroundContact with Other ChildrenSiblingsLessons learned help peer relationshipsConflict increases after 1.5 yearsLongest relationshipsNon-siblingsInfants attempt to communicate with other infantsHelps with coordination of activitiesMaltreatmentAbuse and NeglectPhysical abuseNeglectSexual abuseEmotional maltreatment – rejection, isolation6 million reported 905,000 substantiatedNonorganic failure to thrive – slowed physical growth with no known medical causeHelping Families in TroublePoor neighborhoods with more of a sense of community had lower rates of abuseSheltersEducation in parenting skillsTherapyRemoving the child from the homeFoster careKinship foster carePhysical Development in Early ChildhoodEarly childhood: 3 to 6 yearsChildren slim down and shoot upHead is still large but body catches upBoys taller and heavier than girlsTypically grow: 2-3 inches and gain 4-6 lbs per yearSleep Patterns11 hours of sleep per night (by age 5)give up napsSleep problems1 in 10Night terrors and nightmaresNight terrors: appear to wake up freaking out and it is difficult to wake them out of this. When they do wake up they do not remember what happened.Make sure child does not hurt themselves but do not interrupt themStand in doorway because touching them can make it worseGrow out of it by age 13Effect parents moreGently wake child 15 minutes before normal night terror occurs and this may change their sleep cycleNightmaresCaused by scary movies, heavy meals before bed, overexcitementOccasional nightmares are normalFrequent = sign of stress or abuseEnuresis: Involuntary wetting the bedMore common among boysKids grow out of this by 8 years old; if past 8 it may be medical problem/stressNo actions you should takeBrain GrowthAge 3 = 90% of brain adult brain weightAge 6 – 95%What does this tell us?They have the structural necessities they need for future cognitive development to take placeAge 3-6Prefrontal cortex: regulate planning and organizing activitiesOrganizing schemasCorpus CallosumUntil 15 yearsMotor SkillsMuscle development and harder bones combined with brain development are contributing to greater advances in gross motor skillsPhysical skills that involve large musclesRunningJumpingClimbingMost children under 6 are NOT ready for organized sportsFine motor skills: small muscles and eye-hand coordinationButtoning shirts, drawing pictures, tying shoelacesHandedness (left or right) emerges around this ageSystems of action: increasingly complex combinations of skills, permitting a wider or more precise range of movementCircular reaction: child accidently produces a behavior and they like the outcome so they repeat itHealth: ObesityOverweight: 85th > BMI > 95th for children of the same age and sexObese: > 95% percentile for children of the same age and sex24% of children 2-5 years are overweight or
View Full Document
Unlocking...