FAD 3220 Exam 1Chapter 1: Intro to Human Development- Human developmento Pattern of change and stability in human growth throughout lifeo Goals came to include description, explanation, prediction, and interventiono Characteristics: Systematic- organized- Grow outward (arms grow out) Adaptive to internal/external conditions - Humans taller now Life span development: life-long process- Synapses not fully developed until age 25- Stages of human development (Chart on page 8 in text) o Prenatal (conception to birth)o Infancy/toddler (birth to 3)o Early childhood (3 to 6)o Middle childhood (6 to 11)o Adolescence (11 to 20)o Emerging/young adults (20-40)o Middle adulthood (40-65)- Domains of human development (all interrelated) o Physical development- growth of body or braino Cognitive development- pattern of change in mental abilityo Psychosocial development- pattern of change in emotions, personality- Influences on developmento Heredity- DNA, chromosomes, geneso Environment- friends, family, communityo Maturation- changes over time, influences brain development- Contexts of developmento Context= environment, philosophy, institutionso Family Nuclear family- two-generational kinship, economic and household unit consisting of one or two parents and their biological children, adopted children, or stepchildren Extended family- multigenerational kinship network of parents, children, and other relatives, sometimes living together in an extended-family household (not as typical today) o Socioeconomic statuso Gender roles o Culture Ethnicity, language, religion, geographic location Ethnic gloss- overgeneralization about an ethnic or cultural group that obscures differences within the groupo Normative influences Age graded- Puberty, driving age, marriage- Highly similar for people in particular age group History graded- Significant events that shape the behavior and attitudes of a historical generationo Ex. WW II generation sense of social interdependence- Colds but no more polioo Nonnormative influences Unique individual circumstances- disease, trauma, broken bones, disability- Issue 1- development active or reactive?o Reactive John Locke, tabula rasa: “blank slate” on which society writes Mechanistic model- people like machines that react to environmento Active Jean Jacques Rousseau: “noble savages” develop to own tendencies Organismic model: people active, set own development- Baltes’s Lifespan developmental approach- page 18 in textChapter 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development- Psychoanalytic- psychosexualo Freud, “father of psych”o Unconscious forces that motivate human behavior Sex- life Aggression- death Too little or too much gratification can lead to fixationo Parts of personality Id: pleasure principle- Babies operate off of Ego: reality principle Superego: morality principle- “Should” do thiso Psychosexual stages - Psychoanalytic- psychosocial o Eriksono Influence of society on developing personalityo ***8 lifespan stages Basic trust vs. basic mistrust (birth to 12-18 months) virtue: hope Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (18 months-3 years) virtue: will Initiative vs. guilt (3-6 years) virtue: purpose Industry vs. inferiority (6-puberty) virtue: skill Identity vs. identity confusion (puberty to young adulthood) virtue: fidelity Intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood) virtue: love Generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood) virtue: care Integrity vs. despair (late adulthood) virtue: wisdomo Balancing positive tendency with the negative one (crisis that needs to be resolved)- Learningo Long lasting change in behavior based on experience or adaptation to the environmento Continuous (not in stages) and quantitative- Learning- behaviorismo Learning theory that emphasized the predictable role of environment in causing observable behavioro Focus on associative learning Classical conditioning- Pavlov- Stimulus/response Operant conditioning- B.F. Skinner- Reinforcement and punishment- Don’t give rewards right away or all the time - Behavior modification used to eliminate undesirable behaviorso Ex. Every time child puts away toy, gets reward- Social learning theoryo Bandurao Reciprocal determinism- person reacts on the world how the world acts on thepersono Observational learning/modelingo Cultural view of what is valued o Self efficacy- sense of one’s capability to master challenges and achieve goals- Cognitive stage theoryo Piageto Children develop as an effort to understand and act on their world o Organization- creating categorieso Adaptation Assimilation- adjusting info to fit schemas Accommodation- adjusting schemas to fit info o Equilibration- tendency to seek a stable balance- Cognitive- social culturalo Vygotskyo Children learn through social interaction Helps support children through what is just beyond their reacho Zone of proximal development- gap between what children can do and what they are not quite ready to accomplish themselves o Scaffolding Ex. When we support child develop new set of skills Correcting child also considered scaffolding - Contextualo Bronfenbrenner (bio ecological theory) o Development only understood in social contexts Microsystem- directly involved in individual (home, school, work) Mesosystem- links between parts of microsystem (when work influences school) Exosystem- links between micro and outside systems (media, gov, parent’s work) Chronosystem- dimension of time (we develop as time passes) Macrosystem- overarching cultural patterns (democratic gov, tech)- Evolutionary/sociobiological o E.O. Wilsono Based on Darwin, adaptive behaviors of a species will lead to survival of the fittesto People unconsciously strive, not only for personal survival, but to perpetuate their genetic legacy o Ethology- study of the distinctive adaptive behaviors of animal specieso Evolutionary psychology- application of Darwinian principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest to individual behavior Chapter 3: Forming a new life - Fertility and fertilization (conception)o Fertile window- between 6th and 21st days of menstrual calendar Week before and after menstruation Highly unpredictableo Gametes- sex cells (sperm and egg/ovum)o Zygote- single cell when sperm fertilizes ovum o **NOT pregnancy until attachment to uterin wall- Female factorso Each female contains 2 ovaries, 2 million ova, each ova in
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