FAD Exam 2 Study Guide Chapter 7 General Body Growth Trends children grow rapidly between ages 3 and 6 but less quickly than before At age 3 children lose their babyish roundness and take on the slender appearance of childhood Ab muscles develop trunk arms and legs grow longer body becomes more proportionate Girls have more fatty tissue bones become harder Sleep Average is 11 hours a night an no naps by age 5 o Night terrors Awoken abruptly early in the night from a deep sleep in a state of agitation The child may scream and sit up in bed breathing rapidly and staring or thrashing out but is not really awake The child does not remember this the next day Occurs mostly between the ages of 3 and 13 and affects more boys than girls o Enuresis Repeated involuntary urination at night by children old enough to be expected to have bladder control This is most common in boys This is common and is not serious o Encouraging good sleeping habits Parents should establish a regular and unrushed bedtime routine with 20 minutes of quiet activities before don t allow scary or loud shows keep a nightlight don t feed or rock at bedtime stay calm don t yield to requests offer rewards don t send to bed too early take child back to bed and be firm and consistent reassure after nightmare do not wake up after night terror Gross motor fine motor skills Preschool children make great advances in this Gross motor skills include physical skills that involve large muscles Fine motor skills involve small muscles and eye hand coordination These help children with personal care Children begin to combine skills and produce systems of action which are complex combinations of skills Handedness The preference for using one hand over the other This is usually evident around age 3 The left hemisphere is usually dominant so most people are right handed Boys most likely to be left handed Preventing obesity Tendency towards obesity can be hereditary but the main factors are environmental Preschoolers need fewer calories in proportion to their weight A key to preventing obesity may be to make sure children are served appropriate portions and not to force them to eat all of their food Children should eat regular meals especially in the evening with their family getting a good amount of sleep and watch less than 2 hours of TV a day Health o Undernutrition underlying cause in more than half of all deaths before age 5 affects growth well being cognitive and psychosocial development o Food allergies most from milk eggs peanuts tree nuts fish soy and wheat And SES The lower the SES the greater the risk of illness injury and death More likely to have chronic conditions and activity limitations lack health insurance Unmet medical needs Smoke The potential damage caused by exposure to tobacco is greatest during the early years of life It can cause increased risk of respiratory infections ear problems asthma slow lung growth Piaget Early childhood as preoperational stage advances in symbolic thought Animism Tendency to attribute life to non alive objects Centration Tendency to focus on one aspect and neglect others Egocentrism Inability to consider another persons point of view Conservation Awareness that two objects that are equal in measure remain equal in the face of perceptual alteration so long as nothing has been added or taken away Memory Sensory and Working Memory o Recognition Ability to identify a previously encountered stimulus o Recall Ability to reproduce material from memory Vygotsky children learn by internalizing the results of interactions with adults o ZPD Zone of Proximal Development Gap between what they are already able to do and what they are not quite ready to accomplish by themselves Can be assessed through dynamic tests o Scaffolding Temporary support to help a child master a task Vocabulary o Fast mapping Process by which a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in conversation o Social Speech Speech intended to be understood by a listener o Private Speech Talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others Piaget thought this was egocentric Vygotsky didn t Emergent Leaning Preschoolers development of skills knowledge and attitudes that underlie reading and writing Chapter 8 Erickson Initiative Vs Guilt 3rd stage in which children balance the urge to pursue goals with reservations about doing so Gender Identity awareness of ones femaleness or maleness Play very important for children o Cognitive levels o Stereotypes Preconceived generalizations about male or female role behavior Example All females are passive and dependent All males are aggressive and independent These peak at age 5 o Gender Schema Theory proposed by Bern that children socialize themselves in their gender roles by developing a mentally organized network of indo about what it means to be able or female in a particular culture These promote gender stereotypes Can then learn things consistent with their schema and may exaggerate it o Social Learning children acquire gender roles by imitating models and being rewarded for gender appropriate behavior Social learning has lost its power now the newer model is known as social cognitive bandura This theory states that observation enables children o learn much about gender typed behaviors before performing them Children then select or create their environments o TV is a major format for the transmission of cultural attitudes Children who watch more television will become more gender typed by imitating stereotyped models they see on screen Functional play locomotor play play involving repetitive large Constructive play object play Play involving use of objects or muscular movements materials to make something Dramatic play pretend play play involving imaginary people or situations Peaks during pre school All these may strengthen development of dense connections in the brain and help with abstract thought Also helps with social and linguistic competence and theory of o Social levels as children get older their play becomes more social Unoccupied behavior the child does not seem to be playing but Onlooker spends time watching and asks questions but does not Solitary independent child plays alone with toys that are different from those used by nearby children but makes no effort to get close to them Parallel play child plays independently but among the other children and playing with similar toys but hasn t play with them playing besides the other kids
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