Chapter 7 Study Guide Guiding Questions 1 How do children s bodies and brains change between ages 3 and 6 What sleep problems and motor achievements are common Physical growth slows between these ages and internal body systems are maturing Children are moving from the sensorimotor stage to the preoperational stage In this stage their thoughts change from illogical and disorderly to having a unique way of thinking They use symbols understand cause and effect and numbers and experience empathy Brain development continues steadily throughout childhood and affects motor development children progress rapidly in gross and fine motor skills Sleep problems sleep walking sleep terrors and nightmares are common persistent sleep problems indicate emotional disturbances Motor achievements Handedness is usually evident by age 3 reflecting dominance by one hemisphere of the brain stages of art production reflect brain development and motor coordination scribbling shape design and pictorial stages 2 What are the major health and safety risks for young children Preventable diseases are rare in industrialized countries but are a major problem in the developing world Prevalence of obesity has increased and food allergies are becoming increasingly common Accidents most frequently in home leading cause of child death in US Environmental factors poverty homelessness smoking air pollution pesticides increase risks of illness injury Lead poisoning can have serious physical cognitive and behavioral effects 3 What are typical cognitive advances in preschool children s thinking What areas superficial alterations do not change the nature of of preschool children s thinking typically remain immature I A Use of symbols B Understanding of Identities C Understanding cause effect D Ability to classify Advances things teacher is pirate costume is still a teacher categories cognition understanding that people can hold false beliefs ability to deceive ability to distinguish appearance and reality and ability to distinguish fantasy from reality II Immature Aspects E Understanding of number F Empathy G Theory of mind Awareness and understanding of mental processes social children organize objects people and events into meaningful can count and deal with quantities A Centration B Irreversibility reversed restoring the original situation focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others fail to understand that some operations or actions can be D Transductive Reasoning fail to understand the significance C Focus on States Rather than Transformations of the transformation between states Video in class two glasses with the same amount of juice poured one into taller skinnier glass thought more juice was in that one do not use deductive or inductive reasoning jump from one particular to another and see cause where none exists ex luis was mean to his sister and then his sister got sick luis thought he made her sick E Egocentrism of centration Inability to distinguish appearance from reality appearance is altered Video in class two rows of the same amount of quarters but one row were spread out further thought that row had more quarters splitting one graham cracker into two pieces so they both had two assume everyone else thinks perceives and feels as they do form the fact that two things that are equal remain so if their F Animism G H Conservation attribute life to objects not alive Preoperational children are less egocentric than Piaget thought 4 What are the theories of cognitive development at this age How are they similar Different II Jean Piaget s Theory A The Preoperational Child B Advances in Preoperational Thought C Vygotsky s Theory A Cognitive development cannot be separated from culture Immature Aspects of Preoperational Thought III 1 When Russian children were given exams designed for British children they did poorly b c the questions were designed for a culture they weren t a part of B Society establishes the cultural institutions that promote development and socialization C Children are cognitive apprentices 1 Children are learning info from person in charge of them get one skill and move to the next and to the next cumulative 2 As they become more skilled they participate more D Children use scaffolds to learn 1 Scaffolding kids can t just move from point A to B to C they need help and steps along the way E Zone of proximal development ZPD 1 Individualized one child may be able to master writing their letters and then putting those letters together to form words another child in that class may still be struggling to write letters 2 Kids start at different places when entering school F Dynamic tests Individualized 1 2 Start with everyone answering the same question progressively gets harder but moves child on to something else when he she doesn t know the answer Piaget saw private speech talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others as cognitive immaturity Vygotsky saw it as a special form of communication conversation with the self Research supports Vygotsky 5 What memory abilities expand in early childhood There are three steps to memory Information Processing Theory 1 Encoding 2 Storage 3 Retrieval Labeling new information Organizing new information Finding the information again Three Types of Memory 1 Sensory shows little change with age 2 Working Short Term increases greatly 3 Long Term Ex child is learning colors told this is blue takes in info and stores it with other info about colors and things that are blue Like a computer At all ages recognition is better than recall but both increase during early childhood Autobiographical memory typically begins at about age 3 and 4 it may be related to self recognition and language development 6 How does language improve during early childhood What happens when its development is delayed Language improves through 1 Vocabulary At age 3 knows about 900 to 1 000 words age 6 speaking vocabulary of 2 600 words quadruples by high school Names of objects nouns are easier to grasp than names of actions verbs 2 Grammar and syntax Age 3 can answer what and where questions Ages 5 to 7 speech is adult like more conjunctions prepositions articles 3 Pragmatics and social speech 4 Private Speech 5 Delayed Language Development Boys are more likely than girls Children who speak late eventually catch up Some children with early language delays if left untreated may experience cognitive social and emotional consequences 7 What purposes does early
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