Chapter 11 Physical Cognitive Development in Adolescence 11 20 years old Essential Vocabulary Adolescence a lifespan Adolescents people in that lifespan Puberty physical biological changes that introduce adolescence Adolescence as a Social Construction Has there always been such a thing as adolescence o No some people used to just start working creating families as soon as they were able too Do people in all cultures experience adolescence o No because still happens in some places When does adolescence begin End o There are no clear markers for beginning or end only suggested points o Begin middle school More responsibilities menstrual cycles puberty o End adulthood Paying for everything taking care of yourself alone living on your own Puberty Puberty Onset Girls 8 9 years old Boys 9 11 years old Duration Approximately 3 4 years Secular Trend Puberty has been starting earlier than in the 1830 s and so on Started at around 17 18 years and now its around 12 14 years Influences on Timing Genetics Nutrition Health Obesity Exercise o Big contribution because puberty starts when a certain amount of fat is present o In general only becomes a factor if the exercise is extreme Best predictor when the same sex parents started puberty Physical Changes of Adolescence Growth spurt Primary sex characteristics Secondary sex characteristics Adolescent Growth Spurt A rapid increase in height and weight Typically lasts about 2 years Asynchronicity not every part of the body grows at the same speed rate Teens become more concerned about their appearance Gawkiness because of Primary Sex Characteristics Characteristics that are directly related to reproduction Females o Ovaries o Fallopian tubes o Uterus o Vagina Males o Testes Secondary Sex Characteristics Females o Penis o Scrotum o Seminal vesicles o Prostate gland o Growth spurt o Pubic hair o Deeper voice o Muscular growth o Breasts o Pelvis changes o Growth spurt o Pubic hair o Deeper voice o Muscular growth o Broad Shoulders o Facial Hair Males These characteristics are not directly related to reproduction They re more obvious than primary Hair is usually first sign noticed Just signs of getting older Sexual Maturity Spermarche o 13 years old o Nocturnal emissions wet dreams Menarche o 12 years old o Menstruation Pubertal Timing Among BOYS Once these points are crossed the adolescent is physically able to reproduce Late maturing boys who are in high school but look like they should be in middle school GIRLS Pubertal Timing Among Late maturing has no effect on girls Early Maturing Girls vs Boys Maturational deviance Developmental readiness Preparation for puberty Cultural desirability of body types Body Image Eating Disorders Body Image how you believe you look Negative body image peaks in adolescence Variations o Gender differences o Ethnic differences Girls typically have more body image issues than boys African American girls have less body issues than white girls Influences on Body Image Peer influences o Fat Talk o Dating Family influences o Can be positive or negative Media influences o Models actresses are always so skinny Nutrition U S adolescents have less healthy diets than other industrialized countries o Fewer fruits and vegetables o More sweets chocolates and junk food Problem Eating Eating Disorders o Medical diagnosis o Can be life threatening o Anorexia and bulimia o Non normative Disordered Eating o Occasional unhealthy eating o Binging extreme dieting overeating o Normative Anorexia Nervosa Self starvation Distorted body image Constantly dieting and believe they are fat May cause irregularity or cessation of menstruation Eating disorders often require hospitalization which is very ineffective With disordered eating the most that could be required would to meet with a nutritionist 0 5 of adolescents are affected 20 of people diagnosed with anorexia nervosa ultimately die Bulimia Nervosa Bingeing and undoing of caloric intake on regular basis Undo calories by o Self induced vomiting o Excessive exercise o Laxatives or enemas o Diuretics o Dieting or fasting 3 of adolescents more common than anorexia nervosa but less likely to die Why do Eating Disorders develop Individual Dispositions o Genetics o Internalizing depression low self esteem o They attempt to control something when they cannot control anything else Context o Early puberty o Dating o Peers o Social expectations o Activity involvement o High Achieving o Self Reliant o Fixers o Perfectionists It s about control Psychological Profile Adolescents with extreme disordered eating are often Treatment Immediate goal get patient to eat and gain weight Occasionally hospitalization is required Behavior therapy reward eating Cognitive therapy change body image Institutional settings and family therapy Cognitive Development Brain Development During adolescence the brain experiences similar growth as occurs in infancy Brain development is not complete until about 25 years old This is the link to the TED talk about the teenage brain o http www ted com talks sarah jayne blakemore the mysterious workings of the adolescent brain o 14 22 minutes beneficial to watch as Dr Blair usually includes a question or two on the exam about the TED talks Piaget s Theory in Adolescence 4th Stage Formal operations o Mental processes use information to make connections Capacity for abstract thought More flexible way to manipulate information Usually develops around age 11 Abstract Thought Developing personal philosophies and theories More accurate complex perspective taking More logical thought processes Greater multi dimensional thought Relativism Situational reasoning Moving away from absolutes Kohlberg s Moral Reasoning right vs wrong 1 Preconventional morality o Ages 4 10 o External standards o hoping for a reward 2 Conventional morality o Ages 10 13 kind of o Internalized standards o Some never make it out of this stage o true social concern Golden Rule motives 3 Postconventional morality o Ages 13 o Individualized standards o reasons behind rules conventions own sense of right vs wrong own sense of values morals Chapter 12 Psychosocial Development in Adolescence Identity Development Erikson Identity versus identity confusion o All about Struggling though the process of becoming an adult Developing a coherent sense of self Who we are what we want to be o Develop the value of fidelity Value obtained by going through crisis A true sense of self Eriksonian Terms Psychosocial moratorium o time out
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