FAD3220 Chapter 8 notes Class notes The Developing Self picture of one s abilities and traits Self concept sense of self descriptive and evaluative mental Self definition cluster of characteristics used to describe oneself Age 4 concrete behaviors I can do this I can do that I have o Mostly very positive b c they ve only been told positive things about themselves Age 7 generalized terms popular smart and dumb exc o Can have conflicting emotions o Self critical but have good self concept Single Representations first stage of self definition children describe themselves in individual unconnected characteristics all or nothing terms Real self vs ideal self o I just got a hair cut I like to draw I live in a blue house Representational Mapping Second state makes logical connections between aspects of self but still sees these characteristics in all or nothing terms Self Esteem The judgment a person makes about his or her self worth Between 5 and 7 self esteem is not really based on reality get it from adults who give positive uncritical feedback thus may overrate o Situational and global self esteem Understanding Emotions Understanding emotions helps one control them and understand how others feel parents don t want to punish them for expressing emotions but show them certain things that aren t ok like sticking tongue out or hitting they can feel two contrary emotions at the same time Conflicting emotions younger children cannot understand that Emotions directed towards self Guilt shame pride usually develop at the end of 3rd year can t develop w o self concept These emotions progress and children will understand that they can feel these about themselves by age 7 and 8 not caring about punishment but morally caring about doing the right thing for themselves Erickson Initiative vs guilt Third stage of personality development A conflict of growing desire to plan and carry out activities w o Develop the virtue of purpose the courage to envision a pursue reservations to do so goals w o being inhibited by guilt or fear Pouring milk o Initiative can be negatively and positively oriented Gender Gender identity awareness that one is male or female More alike than similar usually more differences in people in general and not based on sex gender similarities hypothesis Differences o Boys have superior motor skills and aggressiveness o Girls are better able to pay attention and inhibit o Boys are more active and gain more pleasure from physical inappropriate behavior activity Aspects of Gender Identity Gender roles behaviors interests attitudes that a culture says is Gender typing Children learn appropriate gender roles by Gender stereotypes Preconceived generalization about male and ok for males and females socialization female behavior Gender Cognitive Approach Kholberg s Cognitive Development Theory gendered knowledge precedes gendered behavior blue room for boys baseball clothes pet names I am a boy So I like boy things female Gender Constancy awareness that one will always be male or Gender Schema Theory Socialize in gender roles by developing a mentally organized network of information about what it means to be male or female in a particular culture EXAMPLE associating everything that is blue to be for a boy and everything pink or purple for a girl only Gender Socialization Children learn gender roles through socialization observing and Parents imitation Social cognitive theory Bandura o Fathers roles more salient and usually more strict about gender roles boys may be scolded if acting like a princess but reinforced if he picks up a football Peers Culture TV books media Play The Work of Childhood o Motor sensory cognitive Play is important to healthy development of the body and brain Children need time for free exploratory play facilitates Physical play increases in early childhood spontaneous independent learning Types of Play ball coloring Legos Functional play involving large muscular movements rolling a Constructive play using objects or materials to make something Dramatic play involves imaginary objects actions or roles Formal games with rules organized games w procedures and penalties Social Dimensions of Play As children get older their play becomes more social occurs o Play alone along side children then with other children when language develops Dramatic play becomes more social during preschool years Imaginary friends Gender and Play more prevalent as children age Sex segregation is common among preschoolers and becomes Boys are more physical and vigorous in larger mixed age groups Girls prefer more harmonious play w one playmate Book Notes Includes all bolded main information not presented in lecture Theory of sexual selection Darwin s theory that gender roles developed in response to men and women s differing reproductive needs Identification in Freudian theory processes by which child adopts characteristics beliefs attitudes values and behaviors of parent of same sex Parenting Discipline methods of molding character and of teaching self control and acceptable behavior Powerful socialization tool Corporal Punishment use of physical force w intention of causing pain but not injury to correct or control behavior Inductive techniques designed to encourage desirable behavior or discourage undesirable behavior through reasoning appealing to child s sense of reason and fairness Thought to be most effective method of behavior control Power assertion disciplinary strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control demands threats taking privileges Withdrawal of love includes ignoring isolating or showing dislike for child Authoritarian control and obedience high control low Permissive emphasize self expression and self regulation low Authoritative blends respect for a child s individuality while warmth control high warmth instilling social values high control high warmth Concern of caregivers and teachers at preschool age is how to promote altruism curb aggression and deal w fears Prosocial behavior behavior intended to help others altruism is the act of helping others Aggression Instrument aggression aggressive behavior used as means of achieving a goal taking something b c they want it not to hurt the other person o Boys are more verbally and physically aggressive Overt direct aggression physical or verbal aggression openly Social or Indirect relational aggression aimed at damaging or direct at target boys interfering w
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