Chapter 11 Puberty process by which a person attains sexual maturity and the ability to reproduce o When o secular trend trend that can be seen only by observing several generations such as the girls age 8 boys age 9 lasts 3 4 years growth spurt girls around age 10 boys around age 12 or 13 lasts about 2 years trend toward earlier attainment of adult height and sexual maturity which began a century ago in some countries o social construction o Primary sex characteristics organs directly related to reproduction which enlarge and mature during adolescents o Secondary sex characteristics physiological signs breasts and hair of sexual maturation that do not involve the sex organs o Menarche girl s first menstruation age 10 to 16 Adolescent brain Risk taking is influenced by a socio emotional network that is sensitive to social and emotional stimuli and a cognitive control network that regulates responses to the stimuli Increase in white matter typical of childhood brain development continues in frontal lobes Pruning of unused dendritic connections reduces density of gray matter Have fewer but stronger neuronal connections to make cognitive processes more efficient Need as much sleep if not more as when we were younger Sleep o And school times Eating disorders times work against us in that as we get older school starts earlier so they need t start school later or have more difficult classes in the afternoon o Bulimia a person regularly eats huge quantities of food and then purges the body by laxatives vomiting fasting or excessive exercise o Anorexia self starvation o Obesity 34 of teens have a BMI over the 85th percentile poverty increases the risks lack of exercise is the main cause Drugs o Trends o Smoking 47 of U S adolescents have tried illicit drugs by the time they leave high school the trend has begun to reverse abuse of non prescription drugs has been called the nation s second leading drug problem after marijuana abuse of nonprescription cold and cough medicines rates have declined if you do it everything in your life sucks Piaget Formal Operations final stage of cognitive development characterized by the ability to think abstractly Hypothetical deductive reasoning ability to develop consider and test hypothesis Women see morality not so much in terms of justice and fairness as of responsibility to Moral development Gilligan show caring to avoid them Drop outs Society suffers with high school dropouts Active engagement personal involvement in schooling work family or other activity Chapter 12 Erikson Marcia Identity versus identity confusion fifth stage of psychosocial development in which an adolescent seeks to develop a coherent sense of self including the role she or he is to play in society Three things to resolve occupation choice adoption of values to live by development of satisfying sexual identity Psychosocial moratorium period where young people can search for commitments which they can be faithful to Identity statuses states of ego development that depend on the presence or absence of crisis and commitment Crisis period of conscious decision making related to identity formation Commitment personal investment in an occupation or system of beliefs Identity achievement commitment to choices made following a crisis a period spent in exploring alternatives Foreclosure a person who has not spent time considering alternatives has not been in a crisis is committed to other people s plans for his or her life Moratorium a person is currently considering alternatives in crisis and seems headed for commitment Identity diffusion absence of commitment and lack of serious consideration of alternatives Sexuality o Early vs late o Avg age for boys 16 and girls 17 o Risk taking STDs and pregnancy o Use of contraceptives high rate use condoms and pill may not use condoms if on the pill STD o Information about sex who do they get it from friends parents media and sex educators o Preventing pregnancy common sense abstinence Adolescent rebellion a myth Pattern of emotional turmoil characteristic of a minority of adolescents which may involve conflict with family alienation from adult society reckless behavior and rejection of adult values Not common Recognition of a hard time for children may be helpful Individuation Adolescents struggle for autonomy and personal identity Parenting styles most effective is the authoritative parent Psychological autonomy the right to their own thoughts and feelings o Monitoring Adolescents who are they with when they are happiest Delinquency o Early and late onset early beginning by age 11 chronic juvenile delinquency in adolescents and late beginning after puberty minor offenses arise in response to changes of adolescents o Prevention Chapter 13 Emerging adulthood Proposed transitional period between adolescence and adulthood According to sociological definitions people may be considered adults when they are Legally 18 21 self supporting or have chosen a career have married or formed a significant romantic partnership or have started a family For most laypeople 3 criteria define adulthood o 1 Accepting responsibility for oneself o 2 Making independent decisions o 3 Becoming financially independent Emerging adulthood Late teens through the mid to late twenties o A time when people are no longer adolescents but have not yet settled into adult roles Influences on health During Emerging adulthood is when the foundation for lifelong physical functioning is laid o Influenced by genes diet sleep activity level smoking drinking or drugs Accidents are the leading cause of death up to age 44 o Mortality rates have been nearly cut in half over the past 50 years Still the mortality rates more than double during these years Injury homicide substance use obesity peak at this time o 365 000 adults die each year from causes related to poor diet and lack of physical Diet activity eat plant foods more than to keep cholesterol levels low more vitamin E in smokers reduced damage to white blood cells soy and fish almost 50 reduction in cancer in men and women vs individuals who consumed less of those Obesity o 30 of 20 39 yr olds were obese in 2005 2006 Upward trend shows no sign of reversing o What explains the obesity epidemic Increase in snacking availability of inexpensive fast foods super sized portions high fat diets laborsaving technologies and sedentary recreational pursuits such as television and computers o Obesity caries risk of depression high blood pressure
View Full Document
Unlocking...