Human Reproduction Study Guide 1 When does human development begin 2 What is a genome 4 Where is the DNA packaged 5 What is the nucleus of a gamete called 3 Does fertilization create a completely new genotype True False 6 What is the difference between haploid and diploid 7 After fertilization what is it called when cell divisions form a 100 cell embryo 8 What is the process of early cell divisions called 9 Describe how the blastocoel is created 10 What does ICM stand for And what surrounds the ICM 11 Do the trophoblast cells form the placenta Yes No 12 What is the difference between embryonic tissue and extra embryonic tissue 13 What happens during implantation 14 What is the relation between the chorion and the placenta 15 What are the functions of the zona pellucida 16 What are the causes of a tubal pregnancy 17 How is the amniotic cavity created 18 What is the period from implantation to birth called 19 Describe differentiation And what are the three major purposes in mammals 20 What are units of information from DNA called 21 What is the difference between gene repression and gene expression 22 What are the three germ layers 23 What are germ cells 24 What are the four types of tissue in the body 25 Describe what happens during morphongenesis 26 At what stage does differentiation of the embryo begin 27 Do the cells in the embryo have the potential to become any cell type in the 28 Does gastrulation mark the start of cell cell communication and body Yes No morphogenesis Yes No 29 Identical twins can form after gastrulation begins True False 30 Differentiate Fraternal and identical twins 31 When does organogenesis occur and what process does it begin with 32 What does embryogenesis encompass 33 When is the embryo referred to as the fetus 34 What are autosomal chromosomes 35 Differentiate primary and secondary sex characteristics 36 When is it believed that the fetus can feel pain 37 What is gametogenesis 38 Name four parts of the sperm and four parts of the egg 39 List the five events that fertilization can be divided into 40 Describe the IVF process 41 What is a prenatal diagnosis 42 What is the easiest genetic trait to select 43 What is the goal of regenerative medicine 44 What makes stem cells special 45 Differentiate ESCs and iPSC 46 How are ESCs derived 47 How can immunological tissue rejection be solved 48 What are onconogens 49 What is a multi germ layer teratoma 50 What is the Dicky Wicker amendment 51 Do all cells in your body have the same DNA True False 52 Can eggs be tricked into thinking they have been fertilized Yes No 53 What does totipotent mean 54 What are the four steps of the cloning process 55 What is the difference between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning 56 Describe somatic cell gene therapy 57 Can engineered traits be passed down to subsequent generations Yes No 58 What is the purpose of germline gene therapy 59 What is a transgenic animal 60 What are chimeric embryos Human Reproduction Study Guide Answers It begins with fertilization 1 2 A combination of all DNA in each cell of an individual 3 Yes 4 In the nucleus 5 A pronucleus 6 A haploid means one of each chromosome and diploid means two of each chromosome It is called a blastocyst 7 8 The process is called cleavage 9 Outside cells pump water into the embryo which makes the embryo swell and create a fluid filled cavity called the blastocoel 10 ICM stands for inner cell mass Trophoblast cells surround the ICM 11 Yes 12 Embryonic tissue consists of cells in the ICM while extra embryonic tissue consists of cells in the trophoblast 13 The blastocyst attaches to the mothers uterus 14 The chorion intermingles with tissues that form the placenta 15 It helps prevent more than one sperm entering an egg 16 When the embryo implants itself before it gets to the uterus 17 The expansion of ICM creates the amniotic cavity 18 Gestation 19 A process by which a fertilized zygote makes different types of cells 20 Genes 21 Gene repression is when a gene is not used and when a gene is used it is called gene expression 22 Ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm 23 Cells that will make the sperm and egg 24 The three germ layers and the germ cells 25 The formation of 3 dimensional structures that make up organs 26 Gastrulation 27 Yes 28 Yes 29 False 30 Fraternal twins are a result of more than one egg in a single ovulation and Identical twins are the result of one embryo that splits before implantation 31 After gastrulation 32 Cleavage gastrulation and organogenesis 33 After the first 6 8 weeks following conception 34 The non sex chromosomes 35 The gonads are the primary sex characteristics and everything else are the secondary sex characteristics For example muscle mass and voice tone would be secondary sex characteristics 36 When brain waves become present 37 The formation of either sperm or eggs 38 Sperm acrosome nucleus centriole and mitochondria Egg Cumulus zona pellucida membrane and cortical granules 39 Localization penetration prevention of polyspermy fusion of genetic material and initiating development 40 First artificial hormones stimulate the hormones that induce ovulation second the eggs are collected by aspiration third the sperm are collected and placed in a petri dish with the eggs fourth the best looking embryos are injected into the uterus 41 It is the determination of the genetic constitution of a child before birth 42 The sex of the child 43 To regenerate damaged or diseased tissue 44 They are the immortal life blood of a tissue 45 ESC come from the blastula human embryo iPSC come from skin and blood cells that have been introduced by specific genes that induce pluripotency 46 They are derived from leftover embryos of an IVF 47 By making ESCs from the patient itself 48 Cancer causing genes 49 A tumor containing tissue from all three germ layers 50 It says that no federal funds can be used to derive ESCs 51 True 52 Yes it is called parthenogenetic activation 53 It means that it has the potential to become an entire animal 54 First remove the nucleus from an egg but leaved the egg intact second remove the nucleues from a differentiated cell preserving the nucleus third inject the nucleus from the differentiated cell into the enucleated egg and fourth fool the egg into thinking its been fertilized by parthenogenetic activation 55 Reproductive cloning making a complete human copy performed with the intent of a complete clone Therapeutic cloning making a genetically identical blastocyst to extract
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