PSY 401 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 32-37Lecture 32 (4/24) Gestalt Psychology Explain Gestalt Learning.-happens in specific contextExplain the contributions of Wolfgang Kholer.-Studies with chickens: show it two screens that are similar, one is darker, train to respond to darker one (basic law of effect, then change screen so darker is now lighter one, are able to pick the darker one shows it extracted out the larger relationship (this was hard for behaviorists to explain) -“The Mentality of Apes”: critique of trial and error learning for mazes (same strategy of trial and error): behaviorists used task in which animals couldn’t use other learning methods; insight: sudden realization of the whole. Insight: 1. Cognitive trial and error 2. Relative inactivity 3. Insight (out of nowhere)  not incremental (was instantaneous). Edward Tolman: cognitive maps: rats learned way through T maze: argument that the reductionist view was not sufficientExplain “Productive Thinking”.-(Wertheimer-phi phenomenon): reproductive thinking (reproduction of previous solutions-static problem solving strategy) Productive thinking (reorganization of problem to find solution-reorganize infoin novel way)-Examples: nine-dot problem: don’t think outside box. ‘Famous Story of Young Gauss’: 1+2+3… solved quickly in a new way (11X5) Lecture 33 (4/29)Demonology and witchcrafWhat is Trephination?-ancient technique of chipping/drilling holes into head to release evil spirits to treat psychopathology Explain the Profession of exorcism.-prayers and averse concoctions (so grow that it would cause them to vomit and expel evil spirit)Explain what was occurring in the Middle Ages.-Dance manias: 1. Tarantism: had ‘seen’ tarantula and bitten so ‘it caused’ them to flail and dance they were encouraged to keep moving so it would separate out venom (like centrifuge); 2. St. Vitus’ Dance: locked in room with musicians until collapsed from exhaustion, 3. Moonstruck Behavior: about full moon; Biting Mania (started with group of nuns biting each other); Lycanthropy (delusion theythought they were wolves, was expected to be caused by ‘wolf blood’ they fix by chopping of limb to drain out the wolf blood) What theory today explains these manias?-Social theory- creates social maniaWhat was the contribution of Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger? Explain the sections of “Malleus Maleficarum”. -“Malleus Maleficarum”: boot to identify witches, widespread discrimination-sections: 1. Classification (witches/demons were cause of psychopathology, were assertive outspoken women) 2. Methods of Witchcraf (glare, dolls, list of symptoms agitated, irritable, depressed) 3. Courtroom procedures (no evidence=cursed, death penalty and torture)  apex in 17th century Humanitarian ReformExplain the humanitarian reform in Germany. Who was the main contributor and what were his ideas?-Johann Christian Reil: 1. “Application of Psychotherapy to Mental Disease” (focus on treatment: criticized idea of evil spirits and being locked up, did not matter why-what mattered was how to get them back into society) 2. Psychodrama (roll play exercise-look at neurosis) Explain the humanitarian reform in England. Who was the main contributor and what were his ideas?-William Tuke: 1. Established York Retreat (mental health institution, was like a country resort with activities and therapy-nature, animals, therapists based on idea that positive conditions would increase good behavior; reaction to St. Mary of Bethlehem-bad conditions, don’t care about treat/rehab,did bloodletting) 2. Daniel Hack Tuke (MD, brought legitimacy to facility) Explain the humanitarian reform in France. Who was the main contributor and what were his ideas?-Phillippe Pinel: Phillippe Pinel: 1. Director of Bicretre Asylum (males deal with gov. to make reforms, makes conditions better and showed data that it worked) 2. “A Treatise on Insanity” (environment plays a key role) 3. First to maintain patient statistics and case historiesWhat were the contribution of Benjamin Rush? What treatments did he propose?-1. Founder of American Psychiatry 2. Mental Disorders (etiology as physiological-circulator system issues-treat by getting blood flowing more) 3. Views on alcohol (people typically drank beer/wine-lower alcohol, no issues- but then started drinking gin noticed people having issues with alcohol-noticed negative effects and that it didn’t have some positive effects) -treatments: 1. Diet and Environment are important (sun discovered early version of SAD) 2. “Tranquility Chair” (more humane than straight jacket- less input in order for them to calm down) 3. “Gyrator” (Chair that you spin a lot to get blood flowing to alleviate symptoms) Explain the contributions of Franz Anton Mesmer.-1. Maximillian Hell (magnet therapy for physical ailments) 2. Mesmer’s Magnet Theory (mental disorders=imbalances force fields- used hypnotism mesmerized) 3. Animal Magnetism Therapy (earlygroup therapy, induced ‘trance and crisis’ while holding animal spirit iron rods, then person would yell a word; contagion effect: groups are more susceptible to suggestion than individuals) Explain the contributions of Dorthea Lynde Dix.-Application of Reforms (took data about bad asylums and showed it to other places for reform) Lecture 35 (5/4- Video)What were Freud’s younger years like?-Father was poor, Lived in a single room house, Had two brothers that were much older, Father was a lot older than his mother (could have created confusion), Little brother died (may have created overstimulation)-Freud was very smart and studied obsessively, Kept a boyhood record of his dreams, Identified with Napoleon Explain how he was influenced by cocaine?-Cocaine became popular in the time, He used it frequently, He was unaware of its addictive property, Heprescribed it to a friend who developed a fatal addiction to itExplain his ideas on the second mind, hypnotism, and the unconscious.- Influenced by the ideas of hypnotism and the ‘second mind’, He called it the ‘unconscious’, He opened amedical practice, Freudian couch and hypnotism to get into the unconscious and end hysteria through suggestionExplain Self-Analysis and Freud.-Father died, Analyzed himself for 4 years, Monumental achievement, Interpreted own unconscious, Royal road to the unconscious= dreams, Free association, Looked at his own issues: Smoking cigars, Phobia