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CSU PSY 401 - Gestalt Psychology

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PSY 401 1st Edition Lecture 32Outline of Last Lecture I. Behaviorisma. John B. Watsoni. Objective Psychologyii. Emotioniii. Thinkingiv. Child RearingOutline of Current Lecture I. Gestalt Psychologya. Gestaltb. Perceptioni. Principles of Organization c. Learningi. Wolfgang Kohler Current Lecture I. Gestalt Psychology a. Gestalt: configuration, patter, formi. Vs. structuralism and behaviorism (both are very reductionist)ii. Gestalt Psychology is against reductionism, better understood as a wholeiii. Primacy of whole over parts: whole is better than sum of parts1. Relational Determinism: qualities of parts depend on relationship to the wholea. Just because you know stimuli you do not know how the mind will organize stimulib. Analogy of a puzzle: only emerges when all in placei. Doesn’t do you any good to look at individual pieces in isolation b. Perceptioni. Phi Phenomenon: illusion of Apparent movement1. Perceive moment of one light when really two separate lights flashing on and off These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. Structuralists would want to study by looking at individual lights (break it down)-but it won’t tell you about why you perceive motion: have to look at the whole ii. Principles of Organization1. Figure-ground relationship: what is the background and what is the figure2. Perceptual set: perception depends on spatial configuration a. Similarity: similar objects are grouped togetherb. Proximity: objects close together are grouped togetherc. Closure: fill in blanks perceptually (panda, cones-looks like middle is a sphere)d. Perceptual constancy: even though elements of stimulus change you still see what it is (door opening, cube rotating)c. Learning: happens in specific contexti. Wolfgang Kohler1. Studies with chickens: show the chicken 2 screen with two similar squares, one is darker (basic of law of effect responses) a. Changes screen so that the darker one is now the lighter and found the chicken still pushed the button for the darker oneb. Concluded the chicken extracted out the larger relationship (hard for behaviorists to explain) 2. “The Mentality of Apes” (Kohler)a. Critique of trial and error learning for mazes: same strategyof trial and error, Behaviorists used task in which animals couldn’t use other learning methodsb. Edward Tolman: cognitive mapsi. Rats learned way through T maze to cheese, showed it the overhead view of the maze and put the rat at a different starting point. Found the rat was still able to find the end (learned the larger view of the map rather than ‘turn right’) 1. Cognitive trial and error2. Relative inactivity3. Insight (out of nowhere monkeys have a plan and come back to banana) a. This learning did not occur through trial and error (not incremental)b. More instantaneous, guided by insight, aware of what they are doingc. Crows: get to meat of nut they drop it in an intersection and wait for carsto stop (not trial and error learning, d. more like big steps where they have


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