PSY 401 1st EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Lectures: 25-32Lecture 25 (April 8)Early American Psychology: Functionalism Explain the progression of William James’s professional career.-Expedition with Louis Agassiz to Brazil but did not get very much data. -Barely received MD and realized he was not interested in being a doctor. -Then became extremely depressed because he had ‘no control over his life’ -Then Alice Howe Gibbons and his rejection of determinism (embracing free will) brought him out of depression. Describe the contributions of William James. What was he known for in regards to teaching? What are some of the key ideas for Functionalists (Individualism, Pluralism, etc.)? What theory influenced Functionalism? What was James’s idea of the “energies of men”?-“Relations between Psychology and Physiology”: first psychology course in America-Writes several text books over 20 years. Shows his work/idea were much broader than the structuralists. He was also very interested in effective ways to teach and learn. -He was also the first American professor to ask for student evaluations -Individualism: importance of the individual experiences and differences (a lot of influence fromevolutionary theory)-Pluralistic methodologies: use every (any) method to study many ideas. This was very differentfrom the structuralists who had specific methods for studying limited areas (basic ‘periodic elements’ for everyone). Also looked across species (comparative psychology).-James did some research on psychic research, ESP, etc. Functionalist school was very PLURALISTIC in both methodology and topic area. -Free will: “Dilemma of Determinism”. James primed participants for determinism or free will and was able to predict behavior. Concerned that adopting a determinist perspective would leadto immoral behavior. -Moralism: James recommended the “strenuous” lifestyle (very conscientious, hyper productive, use techniques to make you act strenuously) compared to the “easy-going” lifestyle (relaxed, don’t push yourself). -“Energies of Men”: get a second wind, or boost of energy, when you think you cannot do anymore (part of moralism). Explain William James’s heritage and how it influenced him later in life.-William James of Albany (grandfather): lots of money from smart investments-Henry James Senior (father): lots of money allow for extensive education for his five children in different places all over the world. This allowed his son William James to have a lot of exposure.Henry James was very anti-materialistic and interested in communes. He examined Brook Farmsand the way all members contributed. However, it failed because they did not have any experienced farmers. This work showed how people could work and live together. Which of the following was James NOT interested in?-Comparative Psychology-Parapsychology-PsychophysicsLecture 26 (April 10)Early American PsychologyExplain the main ideas of Jamesian Psychology. Explain why habits are important. How do you live a strenuous life according to James? What is brain plasticity? What are the three components of the self and an example in terms of fish? What are Carl Lange’s ideas of emotion and how did it influence James’s idea of emotions? What were James’s ideas of memory? Why did the Structuralists criticize the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon? -Habit: gives people a purpose in life, saves energy/resources (automaticity). Habits develop from grooves that develop in nervous tissue (action potentials frequently used, neurons create ‘trenches’). -Strenuous life: recommendation on how to develop a healthy habit, don’t skip because tired orbuys, make public declarations of habit development-Brain Plasticity: possession of a structure weak enough to yield to influence, but strong enoughnot to yield all at once (malleable enough to change but not too malleable that it falls apart). -Three Component of the The Self: 1. Material self (physical state-body and possessions) 2. Social selves (different for each relationship, context determines behavior) 3. Spiritual self (core traits, are not context dependent, internal, basis for morality, example: thinking you are a kind person).-Example of Self in Fish: personality influenced by traits of the group. Shy fish placed with lots of other shy fish can become a little bolder. A bold fish with other bold fish may become a little more shy. -Emotion: Carle Lange: emotions are just physiological reaction. Example: fear is increase blood pressure level and heart rate. This idea is very reductionist. James-Lange Theory of Emotion: bodily changes occur before perception of emotion. The implication is that individuals can control their emotions (act if cheerfulness were already there). -Memory: Primary: (working memory) in immediate consciousness. Secondary: (long term) not thinking about it but can retrieve information from ‘database’. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: Structuralists criticized this idea for not being scientific.Lecture 27 April 13Early American Psychology Explain the main contributions of Granville Stanley Hall. What were his contributions to developmental psychology?-First PhD in Psychology: first to study with James AND Wundt (received a lot of diverse experience and information), interested in evolutionary theory. -Established at Lab at Johns Hopkins and developed the first American psychology Journal, “American Journal of Psychology” -First APA president-Developmental Psychology: 1. “Contents of Children’s Minds”: survey to find out what kids know by elementary school in order for teachers to know where to start teaching. 2. Pedagogical Seminary 3. “Adolescence”: route humans take, influenced by evolutionary psychology, and compared species 4. “Senescence: The Last Half of Life”: said that evidence thatthe population is growing is lacking, argue for retirement support- early form of social security. Explain the main contributions of Hugo Munsterburg. What were his thoughts on leisure? What were his contributions to clinical psychology? Legal Psychology? Industrial Psychology? -PhD from Wundt, very productive, public figure during WWI-Applied Psychology: “The Photoplay: A Psychological Study”- during the time leisure activities were frowned upon, but Munsterburg argued that leisure activities are good because it makes people more relaxed and therefore more productive. It said that photoplay (movies) were the ultimate leisure