PSY 401 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 17 - 24Lecture 17 (March 11)Early Neuroscience: Layout of the Nervous System What were the main contributions of Fritz and Hitzig?-1. Stimulation of motor cortex in dogs (stimulate one side of the hemisphere-moves opposite side of body) -2. Contralateral brain-body relationship (EXTREME localization of function- deterministic) -3. focal dystonia: certain areas of the brain have very high degree of localization; part of the cortex is swollen in that area so the borders blend together because it gets so strong, so it takes over other areas around itExplain the contributions of Camillo Golgi and which theory he believed in. -1. Nerve cell staining (more accurately observe neurons)Golgi stain: increased resolution of slices of nervous tissue (less % of cells stained allowed for better resolution) -2. Reticular theory: nerve cells are physically connected to each other (nerve net) because reflexes are so fast; no visible gapsWhat were the main contributions to the Layout of the Nervous System from Santiago Ramon y Cajal? What was the main theory he believed in? What were his thoughts on intelligence?-1. Tried to integrate art and science (father took him to graveyards to draw bodies to get him interested in science) -2. Neuron theory: nerve cells are independent-separated by a narrow gap; communication via chemical traversing gap-3. neural connections and intelligence: Cajal believed it was the number of connections that indicated intelligence, rather than the number of neurons as previously believed (you practice something and you increase the number of connections between neurons) Lecture 18(March 13) Early Neuroscience: Layout of the Nervous System, Towards the Formal Founding and StructuralismExplain the main contributions of Charles Scott Sherrington.-1. “Integrative Action of the Nervous System” (neuron theory) -2. Evidence for Neuron theory: 1. damage from lesions (in dogs): found that damage seemed to be localized because neurons are not linked together, so damage to one area does not unravel the entire system 2.Speed of neural impulse: Helmholtz’s device-used to see how fast impulse traveled, found it was 5-150 meters/second which was slower than originally thought by supporters of the reticular theory,this evidence was consistent with the neuron theory because it takes time to go through the gaps-3. Coined ‘synapse’, etc. (inhibitory, excitatory, neurotransmitter)What is psychophysics?-the relationship between physical properties of stimuli and our psychological impressions of those stimuli (quantified mathematically) Explain the contributions of Gustav Theodor Fechner. Give a real-world example of how JND is used today.-1. Afterimages: look at stimulus, take it away, still see remnants even I not really there anymore (had hisparticipants look at the sun for a long time this is what made him sick)-2. JND, thresholds: just noticeable difference: minimum amount of change in order to perceive change --used today:maximum amount companies can compress audio files (JND-removing information) before people notice its bad -3. Method of Limits: study threshold; present stimulus level gradually and continuously, the participantssays yes/no on if they perceive it, then average between yes no =threshold; the average allows for removal of most noise from individual differences-4. Quantification and ExperimentationLecture 19 (March 23)Towards the Formal Founding and Structuralism What are the 5 systems/schools of psych?-1. Structuralism (1st school, Germany, structure of consciousness-components of thought) -2. Functionalism (functions of traits/characters, influenced by evolutionary theory-adaptation, American) -3. Behaviorism (what is directly observable, reaction against functionalism-introspection) -4. Gestalt Psychology(how context influence perception, organization of elements influencing perception, expectations)-5. Psychoanalysis (Freud) What is the goal of Structuralism? -describe the structure of the mind by analyzing its elements; very reductionist (break down perception), linked to chemistry (take conscious experience and break it down into smaller elements, “periodic table of mental elements) Explain the main contributions of Wilhelm Maximillian Wundt.-1. Established 1 st Psychological Institute at University of Leipzig in 1879*:Very productive-made the fieldgrow; taught 2 classes, 2 publications/moth, supervised 150 grad students. New Field: “Physiological Psychology” (measurement of reaction time-to measure how long it takes to make a decision, had participants hit button if see certain thing-but have to decide- found that reaction time got longer with complex tasks, meaning there’s an increase in cognitive processes)-2. “Philosophical Studies”:established own journal, more quantifiable/ experimental orientation, outlet for own research to be publishedLecture 20 (March 25) Structuralism What were the main contributions of Edward Bradford Titchener? Who was he a student of? What was his personality like? What were the elementary mental processes? What Greek Philosopher’s work was Titchener interested in? Explain introspection, the method, the training, and what he found regarding afterimages. Explain why he dislike the APA.-1. PhD, from Wundt -2. Advocated a pure psychology (went to ‘Cornell’):liked to compare psychology to physics (and other established sciences; argued they were the same topics from different perspectives (instead of looking outward, study the internal experience of stimuli)-3. Authoritative (and some authoritarian- very stern and full of himself, proper)- 4. Elementary Mental Processes-Periodic Table. Types:1. Senses (make up perception) 2. Images (thoughts and memories) 3. Affections (emotion elements)  44,000 different elements (30,000 were visual). Attributes:1. Quality (most important: redness, saltiness, etc.) 2. Intensity (how strong: loud=high intensity) 3. Clearness (distinctiveness: if dim room then hard to see object) 4. Duration (how long it lasts for: burned=quick aspect, then sustained aspect). Association: Like Aristotle; interested in the Law of Contiguity (commonly presented together)-5. Introspection- method: presented with stimulus (perceiving object): explain what they perceive (redness, round, etc.), trying to be as objective as possible; training: people studied had training on introspection (at least 10,000 trials of practice in order to