PSY 401 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 8 – 16Lecture 8 (February 13th) Early Greek Philosophy: The Golden Age of Greek Philosophy Describe the ideas and contributions of the Sophists.-1. Professional Teachers (paid, advisory capacities-for people who wanted to gain political power) 2. Rhetoric (how to argue successfully-for political power) 3. Relativistic (no right/wrong-you just do what is advantageous to you)Describe the contributions of Socrates. What was his goal in life?-1. Disagreed with sophists (believed in doing what is morally right, unrestricted/egalitarian about who he talked to) 2. Inductive Definition (study of concept through examination of shared individual examples) 3. Goal in life: gain knowledge for sake of knowledge, moralityDescribe the Contributions of Plato.-1. The academy (early university) 2. Forms (pure ideas, exist only in abstract, cannot use senses externalworld is a cheap copy of the universe of forms, data in the natural world is erroneous) 3. The allegory of the cave (people born in a cave, chained facing the wall, all they see are shadows on the wall. The shadows could be created by anything but the people believe what they are seeing in the shadows is real)Describe the Contributions of Aristotle. How did he view the mind? How did he view dreams? -1. Lyceum (university) 2. De Anima (“On the Psyche”, 1st psychology-like textbook) 3. Empiricism (why do certain things in the environment have certain characteristics) 4. Hierarchy of the Psyche (mind) 5. Memory (extension of perception-wax tablets that fade over time, remembering, recall) 6. Associationism (mental phenomena are formed by laws of association) 7. Dreams (reactivations of sensory information from the day) 8. Legacy (1st proponent of scientific method, early physiological psychology-how do our sensory apparatus work?; early comparative psychology-across species) Explain the three levels of the Hierarchy of the Psyche, and give an example of each. -1. Vegetative psyche (low level processing/automatic). Example: photosynthesis, breathing, heartbeat 2. Sensitive Psyche (sensation and perception-get info and react to it). Example: Venus fly trap, reflexes, dropping to the ground when hearing gunshot 3. Rational Psyche (reserved for humans- higher level thinking). Sensory info (early development), Passive reason (a little older-common sense-basic ability to infer cause and effect) 3. Active reason (higher level thinking, adolescence and later). Example: abstract thinking, test taking, problem solving. Explain the differences between recall and remembering.- Remembering: rote/repetition, don’t have to consciously think about it, doesn’t require cognition SPONTANEOUS RECOLLECTION3. Recall (unique to humans, active, requires cognition SEARCH MEMORY-INTENTIONAL)List the four laws of Assocationism.-1. Similarity (associate similar things) 2. Contrast 3. Contiguity (associate things that happened close in time) 4. Frequency (things that are frequently presented together) Explain the research using rats discussed in class on Dreams. - rat in a maze, EEG recording brain while sleeping, found the rat way replaying neural activity from earlier in the day, also found that if they disrupted them during REM the rat would perform worse than ifthey let the rat sleep Lecture 9 (February 16th) The Romans to the RenaissanceWhy was there philosophical stagnation after Artistotle?-hedonistic, warsDescribe the social climate surrounding the Romans.-1. Hedonistic (entertainment) 2. Practical (medical advancements to make army better)Explain the Contributions of Galen.-1. First biopsychological personality theorist (extended 4 humor theory to psychology) 2. Mental and physical states interact 3. Anatomy (Alcohol as antiseptic-found medical uses for things, Animal Spirits-how the mind controls the body; nerves carry a life force-NON PHYSICAL- that resides in the brain, BRAINIS IMPORTANT FOR COGNITION) Skepticism Explain the contributions of Pyrrho. - we cannot know anything for sure so we shouldn’t assume to; central goal in philosophy was to promote satisfying life (don’t assume anything so you are not disappointed or unhappy) Explain Neo-Platonism.- platonic thought with Jewish/Christian mysticism; followed ideas of PlatoDescribe the Contributions of Hypatia of Alexandria. - head of Neoplatonic school at Alexandria-taught philosophy and astronomy: Early music therapyLecture 10 (February 18th)The Medieval PeriodExplain the main ideas and main contributions that arose from the Medieval Period.-1. Supernatural/Religious explanations > naturalistic (philosophy: church had power, move away from empiricism) 2. Rise of modern university system (BA-train the future, theology law and medicine were original 3 disciplines) Describe the contributions of Thomas Aquinas.-1. Return to Aristotelian thought (empirical methods could coexist with authority of the church-could have both)2. Went to university when 10, developed interest in theology, wanted to become a monk, family disapproved 3. Reconciled faith and reason (put Christian twist on Aristotle’s ideas; 3 divisions of the Christina soul)Explain the four main factors that created a shift from the Middle Ages.-1. Printing Press: before was slow and difficult, now can rapidly distribute a lot of information; rediscovery of Greek texts; initially used to print Bibles (Protestant Reformation-interpret own way)-2. Black Death killed 1/3 of European population; prayer was not working so people began to lose faith in the church authority, very visible symptoms-3. C. Magellan’s Voyage: The Victoria; goal to find westward route for spices, ended up circumnavigating the world, went against what church said, Earth was different than people believed - 4. Heliocentric Model: Capernicus, sun is the center of the solar system (earth-geocentric model); retrograde motion (slowing down and kind of moving backwards) Lecture 11 (February 20th)The RenaissanceExplain what was happening during the Renaissance. -1. New discoveries, new worldviews 2. More exploration (changed view of world) 3. Rediscovery of Greek philosophy 4. Spurred subsequent intellectual activity Explain the contributions of Niccolo Machiavelli.-1. Early social psychologist (how people could be manipulated-politically) 2. The Prince (pamphlet for aspiring rulers; how to manipulate people; people are like pons and you can manipulate them for power)3. Machiavellianism (“an amoral,