PSY 401 1st Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I. Early Greek Philosophy and Psychologya. Democritus b. Hippocrates Outline of Current Lecture I. Early Greek Philosophy: The Golden Age of Greek Philosophya. Sophistsb. Socratesc. Platod. Aristotle Current LectureI. Early Greek Philosophy: The Golden Age of Greek Philosophya. Sophistsi. Professional Teachers (got paid, had advisory capacities) 1. People were ambitious and wanted political positioning so they needed advisement from professional teachersii. Rhetoric: how to argue successfully (for political power) iii. Relativistic: no right or wrong, you just do what is advantageous to you (you can kill in order to obtain power if you can get away with it) b. Socrates (470-399BCE)i. Disagreed with the sophists 1. He was ‘unkept’ and believed one should do what is morally right, was also ‘egalitarian’ about who he talked with (delinquents, women) ii. Inductive definition: study of a concept through examination of shared individual examples1. Look at things like ‘beauty’ and ‘just’ and ask people to define them, had them come up with examples then extract common themes iii. Goal in Life: gain knowledge for the sake of knowledge, moralityiv. Was put in jail and sentenced to death c. Plato (427-347 BCE)i. The Academy (386 BCE)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Early universityii. Forms: pure ideas, exist only in abstract 1. External world is a cheap copy of the universe of forms 2. Our perception isn’t the same as what is actually out there (apparent motion); cannot use our senses a. Example: we see basketball as round and orange, but theseproperties are copies of true ideal properties of the platonic world (pure form); it is not a perfect copy3. Allegory of the cave: people born in a cave facing a wall for their entire life, their entire universe is shadows reflected on the wall, a man comes along and uses puppets to create shadows that the people in the cave think it real; they are erroneous ideas a. What we perceive isn’t what is truly there: data in the natural world is erroneous d. Aristotle (384-322 BCE)i. Lyceum (344 BCE) 1. University (Plato’s academy 1st)ii. De Anima (“on the Psyche”)1. The first psychology-like text book, included history as welliii. Empiricism: knowledge requires experience 1. Why do certain things in the environment have certain characteristics (how do they fit in the environment) iv. Hierarchy of the Psyche (mind) 1. Vegetative psyche: low level processing/automatic a. Photosynthesis, breathing, hearbeat2. Sensitive Psyche: sensation and perception-get information and react to it a. Example: venus fly trap 3. Rational Psyche: reserved for humans (higher level thinking)a. Sensory Information (early development)b. Passive Reason (a little older)i. Common sense: basic ability to infer cause and effectc. Active Reason: higher level thinking (adolescence and later)i. Abstract reasoning and problem solvingv. Memory1. Extension of perception: wax stamps/tablet analogy of how we store information a. Pull of tablet and see data impressed on it (as you get older, tablet isn’t as good and stored ones fade over time)2. Remembering: do not have to consciously think about ita. Example: where you are going becomes automatic (doesn’trequire cognition) 3. Recall: unique to humans a. Active, requires cognitionb. Example: test takingvi. Assocationism: mental phenomena are formed by laws of association 1. Laws of:a. Similarity, contrast, contiguity (associate things that happened close in time), frequency vii. Dreams: (previously though at visions of the future or messages from the Gods)1. Saw them as reactivations (revisiting the day) of sensory information received during that day2. Modern day research: Rat in a maze learns the maze, then sleep and is connected to EEGa. Found that if you disrupt their REM they perform worse than if you let them sleep b. Shows that they were replaying neural activity from earlier in the dayviii. Legacy1. First prominent of scientific method (collecting data)2. Early physiological
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