PSY 401 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. Issues in Historical Studya. Why study the history of psychology?i. Coherent narrativeii. Contextiii. Progressiv. Avoid Pitfallsb. Historiographyc. Historicism vs. Presentism d. Primary and Secondary Sourcese. Internal vs External Historiography II. Philosophies of Historya. Great Person Orientation vs. Zeitgeist Orientationb. Theories of Historical Development i. Cyclical Theory Outline of Current Lecture I. Issues in Historical Study Continued: Philosophies of Historya. Theories of Historical Development i. Cyclical Theoryii. Linear Progressiveiii. Chaos Theory b. Big PictureII. Philosophical Issuesa. Philosophies of Sciencei. Thomas S. Khun1. Paradigm ShiftsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Karl R. Popper1. Inductive 2. Deductive3. Falsifiability4. Epistemologya. Rationalismb. EmpiricismCurrent LectureI. Issues in Historical Study Continued: Philosophies of History a. Theories of Historical Developmenti. Cyclical Theory ii. Linear Progressive: each generation builds on the last1. Idea behind scientific development iii. Chaos Theory: history is a series of random and unrelated events1. Example: George Washington stepped down after second term: this was a massive influence on subsequent events2. Unpredictableb. Big Picturei. Multiple means for historical investigationii. Multiple Perspectives on historical development II. Philosophical Issues: importance of philosophy for psychology (fundamental to science)-psychology emerges from philosophy (combined with biology and physiology)a. Philosophies of Sciencei. Thomas S. Khun (1922-1996)1. Paradigm Shiftsa. How change happens over timeb. Typical questions, when to analyze data, etc.c. Paradigm: dominant way of doing thingsd. Way of doing things is shifted to something new because of something newe. Example: Behaviorism introduction of computers (cognition) cognitive psychologyi. Computers caused a paradigm shiftf. Example: P-value is a dominant way to analyze findings, but this may changeii. Karl R. Popper1. Inductive: observation pattern tentative hypothesis theorya. Example: Netflix-does not begin with a theory, it begins as a blank slate that look at data then sees a pattern for what certain people might watch b. Example: violent video games lead to violent behaviori. Collect data, then try and confirm hypothesis, but cannot prove true because there can be an exception out there that you missed c. Not always accurate, cannot know something for sure2. Deductive: theory hypothesis observation confirmationa. Seek out ways to disprove theory b. Example: find a single case of someone who plays violent video games who is not violent/committing crimes todisprove idea that violent video games lead to violent behavior i. If you find someone you revise hypothesis and seekanother way to disprove the revised hypothesis c. Example: Phineous Gage- had an accident in which a pole went through his brain and he was still able to function properly-revise hypothesis and find another single case3. Falsifiability: for a theory to be scientific it needs to have the potential to be proven wrong/potential to disconfirm a. Example: you are proposing we are a brain in a vat, but thisis not a good scientific theory because we cannot disprove or testi. This does not mean that it is wrong, but it is also not correct (cannot use scientific method) 4. Epistemology: study of the nature of knowledge; how do we knowwhat we think we knowa. Rationalism: the source of all knowledge is reason (a priori-before experience)i. Inherent knowledgeii. Active mind iii. Example: virtual/glass cliff: study that examined if we are born with depth perception; had parents tryto get their children to walk/crawl off of a ‘cliff’ onto the see-through glass (at the bottom it looked exactly like the surface they were on just lower) to see if they could use depth cues to tell that the surface on the other side was much farther down than the one they were oniv. Example: Giant Chalk drawings that look 3D from a certain perspective: would a child see the 3D image?b. Empiricism: knowledge is based on sensory experience (a posteriori)i. Passive mindii. Example: size-distance cue and children- children learn to distinguish close vs. far away
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