PSY 401 1st Edition Lecture37 Outline of Last Lecture I. Psychoanalytic Theorya. Sigmund Freudi. Professional Career1. Ernst Brucke2. Studies with Cocaine3. Joseph Breuer4. Private Practice in Vienna Outline of Current LectureI. Ending Class- Discussion about final a. What the Final is overb. Cumulative Essay Questions Current LectureII. Philosophical Issues Ending Class- Discussion about final a. What the Final is overi. Gestalt Psychologyii. Humanitarian Reformiii. Psychoanalytic Theory b. Cumulative Essay Questions i. Recall each system of psychology. Describe each, in terms of the philosophical dimensions we outlined early on in the semester 1. Structuralism: Monistic > Pluralistic, Nurture > Nature, Reductionist > Holist: we take perceptions, emotions, and thoughts and break them down into low-level stimuli2. Functionalism – mental states (beliefs, desires, etc.) are constituted solely by their functional role. Pluralistic > Monistic: These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.multiple functional explanations for different mental states, libertarian3. Behaviorism: Nurture > Nature: behavior is predicted by your experience and the environment, not by genetics. Reductionism > Holism: behavior can be broken down and examined through its component parts (reduce behavior into low-level principles like conditioning). Empiricism > Rationalism: all of our behavior is based on experience, empiricism, determinism, monism4. Gestalt Psychology: nature and nurture, Holism > Reductionism: phenomena cannot be broken down into subsequent parts, but should instead be examined as a whole (phenomena is best understood when we look at the whole rather than the individual parts) 5. Psychoanalytic: nurtureii. Trace the historical development of our understanding of the functioning of the brain. What, historically, has the brain been associated with? How has that view changed over time? How have perspectives about the organization/functioning of the brain changed over time? 1. Democritus: one of first to link thinking to the braina. Biopsysiologist, interesting in linking different organs to mental capacity2. Galen: cognitions is linked to activity of spirits residing in the ventricles of the brain3. Epiphenomenalist view of mind-body problem: importance of thebrain and states that conscious experiences and the “mind” are just a byproduct of brain functioning4. Egyptian Hieroglyphs: how damage to certain areas of the brain impact other areas of the body5. Franz Gall: certain functions were associated with certain areas of the brain and cognitive faculties could be determined through examination of bumps in the skull 6. Spurzheim: advanced phrenology, emphasized importance of the cortex for mental functioning and encouraged future research intolocalization 7. Pierre Flourens: utilized ablation to research localization within the brain. Through his research, he discovered that localization is true for major structures of the brain but not for the overall cortex. No matter what part of the cortex you cut out, you get similar impairments. Created the idea of an “action commune”, which argued that the entire structure contributes to overall brain function8. What were some of the positive and negative consequences of phrenology? a. Positive: brought attention to the cortex as important, extreme localization, productive false start b. Negative: was not accurateiii. Describe ways in which the Ancient Greeks and Romans are relevant to- or contributed to, psychology as a discipline1. Thales was the first individual to make philosophy practical.2. Democritus was one of the first individuals to link thinking to the brain. As an early biopsychologist, he was interested in linking different organs to mental capacity. (brain –thinking, heart – emotion, liver – apetite)3. Aristotle contributed the hierarchy of the psyche. The highest level is the rational psyche, which accounts for higher level thought and processing of sensory information. He also generated ideas about memory (recall vs. remembering) and associationism. Mental phenomena are formed by laws of associationism; memories are linked according to their similarity, contrast, contiguity, and frequency.4. Galen extended Hippocrates’ four-humor theory by applying it to mental states and personality characteristics. Proposed that we can treat mental and physical ailments by bringing the humors back into balance.5. Hypatia of Alexandria pioneered early music therapy.iv. Identify and describe some ways in which evolutionary theory and its general principles have had an impact on perspectives or areas in psychology, or the discipline as a whole.1. Charles Darwin argued that emotions are universal and have survival value. Emotional responses are genetically determined (innate) rather than socially learned.2. Leta Hollingworth disproved the variability hypothesis and arguedthat male achievements simply result from greater vocational opportunities. Also argued that adolescents undergo continuous development, or the continuous development of cognitive capacities.3. Herbert Spencer applied “survival of the fittest” to social ideas, where those with more money and status will survive and reproduce for the next generation. Humans evolve through adaptive behavior.4. Francis Galton studied the heritability of traits, specifically intelligence. He was the first to utilize a questionnaire to collect data related to intelligence. Ultimately he concluded thatintelligence is only slightly heritable, contributing to the nature/nurture debate.5. Jean-Baptiste Lamark argued that we pass on acquired characteristics to offspring. Acquired characteristics are learned throughout the lifespan.v. Throughout the semester we have talked about a number of developments that provided the groundwork for modern clinical psychology. Trace the contributions from individuals that have been relevant (directly or indirectly) to clinical psychology or mental health treatment. What did they do? Why was it important? 1. Hippocrates’ four-humor theory to mental ailments. Both mental and physical ailments could be resolved by bringing balance to thefour humors.2. Francis Galton was one of the first researchers to study individual differences among people, specifically related to intelligence and aptitude.3. With Wilhelm Wundt’s formal founding of