PSY 401 1st Edition Lecture37 Outline of Last Lecture I Psychoanalytic Theory a Sigmund Freud i Professional Career 1 Ernst Brucke 2 Studies with Cocaine 3 Joseph Breuer 4 Private Practice in Vienna Outline of Current Lecture I Ending Class Discussion about final a What the Final is over b Cumulative Essay Questions Current Lecture II Philosophical Issues Ending Class Discussion about final a What the Final is over i Gestalt Psychology ii Humanitarian Reform iii Psychoanalytic Theory b Cumulative Essay Questions i Recall each system of psychology Describe each in terms of the philosophical dimensions we outlined early on in the semester 1 Structuralism Monistic Pluralistic Nurture Nature Reductionist Holist we take perceptions emotions and thoughts and break them down into low level stimuli 2 Functionalism mental states beliefs desires etc are constituted solely by their functional role Pluralistic Monistic These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute multiple functional explanations for different mental states libertarian 3 Behaviorism Nurture Nature behavior is predicted by your experience and the environment not by genetics Reductionism Holism behavior can be broken down and examined through its component parts reduce behavior into low level principles like conditioning Empiricism Rationalism all of our behavior is based on experience empiricism determinism monism 4 Gestalt Psychology nature and nurture Holism Reductionism phenomena cannot be broken down into subsequent parts but should instead be examined as a whole phenomena is best understood when we look at the whole rather than the individual parts 5 Psychoanalytic nurture ii Trace the historical development of our understanding of the functioning of the brain What historically has the brain been associated with How has that view changed over time How have perspectives about the organization functioning of the brain changed over time 1 Democritus one of first to link thinking to the brain a Biopsysiologist interesting in linking different organs to mental capacity 2 Galen cognitions is linked to activity of spirits residing in the ventricles of the brain 3 Epiphenomenalist view of mind body problem importance of the brain and states that conscious experiences and the mind are just a byproduct of brain functioning 4 Egyptian Hieroglyphs how damage to certain areas of the brain impact other areas of the body 5 Franz Gall certain functions were associated with certain areas of the brain and cognitive faculties could be determined through examination of bumps in the skull 6 Spurzheim advanced phrenology emphasized importance of the cortex for mental functioning and encouraged future research into localization 7 Pierre Flourens utilized ablation to research localization within the brain Through his research he discovered that localization is true for major structures of the brain but not for the overall cortex No matter what part of the cortex you cut out you get similar impairments Created the idea of an action commune which argued that the entire structure contributes to overall brain function 8 What were some of the positive and negative consequences of phrenology a Positive brought attention to the cortex as important extreme localization productive false start b Negative was not accurate iii Describe ways in which the Ancient Greeks and Romans are relevant toor contributed to psychology as a discipline 1 Thales was the first individual to make philosophy practical 2 Democritus was one of the first individuals to link thinking to the brain As an early biopsychologist he was interested in linking different organs to mental capacity brain thinking heart emotion liver apetite 3 Aristotle contributed the hierarchy of the psyche The highest level is the rational psyche which accounts for higher level thought and processing of sensory information He also generated ideas about memory recall vs remembering and associationism Mental phenomena are formed by laws of associationism memories are linked according to their similarity contrast contiguity and frequency 4 Galen extended Hippocrates four humor theory by applying it to mental states and personality characteristics Proposed that we can treat mental and physical ailments by bringing the humors back into balance 5 Hypatia of Alexandria pioneered early music therapy iv Identify and describe some ways in which evolutionary theory and its general principles have had an impact on perspectives or areas in psychology or the discipline as a whole 1 Charles Darwin argued that emotions are universal and have survival value Emotional responses are genetically determined innate rather than socially learned 2 Leta Hollingworth disproved the variability hypothesis and argued that male achievements simply result from greater vocational opportunities Also argued that adolescents undergo continuous development or the continuous development of cognitive capacities 3 Herbert Spencer applied survival of the fittest to social ideas where those with more money and status will survive and reproduce for the next generation Humans evolve through adaptive behavior 4 Francis Galton studied the heritability of traits specifically intelligence He was the first to utilize a questionnaire to collect data related to intelligence Ultimately he concluded that intelligence is only slightly heritable contributing to the nature nurture debate 5 Jean Baptiste Lamark argued that we pass on acquired characteristics to offspring Acquired characteristics are learned throughout the lifespan v Throughout the semester we have talked about a number of developments that provided the groundwork for modern clinical psychology Trace the contributions from individuals that have been relevant directly or indirectly to clinical psychology or mental health treatment What did they do Why was it important 1 Hippocrates four humor theory to mental ailments Both mental and physical ailments could be resolved by bringing balance to the four humors 2 Francis Galton was one of the first researchers to study individual differences among people specifically related to intelligence and aptitude 3 With Wilhelm Wundt s formal founding of Psychology in 1879 psychological research and the discipline itself were legitimized generating more opportunity for advancement 4 Emil Kraepelin classified disorders according to the progression of