PSY 401 1st Edition Lecture 32 Outline of Last Lecture I Behaviorism a John B Watson i Objective Psychology ii Emotion iii Thinking iv Child Rearing Outline of Current Lecture I Gestalt Psychology a Gestalt b Perception i Principles of Organization c Learning i Wolfgang Kohler Current Lecture I Gestalt Psychology a Gestalt configuration patter form i Vs structuralism and behaviorism both are very reductionist ii Gestalt Psychology is against reductionism better understood as a whole iii Primacy of whole over parts whole is better than sum of parts 1 Relational Determinism qualities of parts depend on relationship to the whole a Just because you know stimuli you do not know how the mind will organize stimuli b Analogy of a puzzle only emerges when all in place i Doesn t do you any good to look at individual pieces in isolation b Perception i Phi Phenomenon illusion of Apparent movement 1 Perceive moment of one light when really two separate lights flashing on and off These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute 2 Structuralists would want to study by looking at individual lights break it down but it won t tell you about why you perceive motion have to look at the whole ii Principles of Organization 1 Figure ground relationship what is the background and what is the figure 2 Perceptual set perception depends on spatial configuration a Similarity similar objects are grouped together b Proximity objects close together are grouped together c Closure fill in blanks perceptually panda cones looks like middle is a sphere d Perceptual constancy even though elements of stimulus change you still see what it is door opening cube rotating c Learning happens in specific context i Wolfgang Kohler 1 Studies with chickens show the chicken 2 screen with two similar squares one is darker basic of law of effect responses a Changes screen so that the darker one is now the lighter and found the chicken still pushed the button for the darker one b Concluded the chicken extracted out the larger relationship hard for behaviorists to explain 2 The Mentality of Apes Kohler a Critique of trial and error learning for mazes same strategy of trial and error Behaviorists used task in which animals couldn t use other learning methods b Edward Tolman cognitive maps i Rats learned way through T maze to cheese showed it the overhead view of the maze and put the rat at a different starting point Found the rat was still able to find the end learned the larger view of the map rather than turn right 1 Cognitive trial and error 2 Relative inactivity 3 Insight out of nowhere monkeys have a plan and come back to banana a This learning did not occur through trial and error not incremental b More instantaneous guided by insight aware of what they are doing c Crows get to meat of nut they drop it in an intersection and wait for cars to stop not trial and error learning d more like big steps where they have insights
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