PSY 401 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I Issues in Historical Study a Why study the history of psychology i Coherent narrative ii Context iii Progress iv Avoid Pitfalls b Historiography c Historicism vs Presentism d Primary and Secondary Sources e Internal vs External Historiography II Philosophies of History a Great Person Orientation vs Zeitgeist Orientation b Theories of Historical Development i Cyclical Theory Outline of Current Lecture I Issues in Historical Study Continued Philosophies of History a Theories of Historical Development i Cyclical Theory ii Linear Progressive iii Chaos Theory b Big Picture II Philosophical Issues a Philosophies of Science i Thomas S Khun 1 Paradigm Shifts These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute ii Karl R Popper 1 Inductive 2 Deductive 3 Falsifiability 4 Epistemology a Rationalism b Empiricism Current Lecture I Issues in Historical Study Continued Philosophies of History a Theories of Historical Development i Cyclical Theory ii Linear Progressive each generation builds on the last 1 Idea behind scientific development iii Chaos Theory history is a series of random and unrelated events 1 Example George Washington stepped down after second term this was a massive influence on subsequent events 2 Unpredictable b Big Picture i Multiple means for historical investigation ii Multiple Perspectives on historical development II Philosophical Issues importance of philosophy for psychology fundamental to science psychology emerges from philosophy combined with biology and physiology a Philosophies of Science i Thomas S Khun 1922 1996 1 Paradigm Shifts a How change happens over time b Typical questions when to analyze data etc c Paradigm dominant way of doing things d Way of doing things is shifted to something new because of something new e Example Behaviorism introduction of computers cognition cognitive psychology i Computers caused a paradigm shift f Example P value is a dominant way to analyze findings but this may change ii Karl R Popper 1 Inductive observation pattern tentative hypothesis theory a Example Netflix does not begin with a theory it begins as a blank slate that look at data then sees a pattern for what certain people might watch b Example violent video games lead to violent behavior i Collect data then try and confirm hypothesis but cannot prove true because there can be an exception out there that you missed c Not always accurate cannot know something for sure 2 Deductive theory hypothesis observation confirmation a Seek out ways to disprove theory b Example find a single case of someone who plays violent video games who is not violent committing crimes to disprove idea that violent video games lead to violent behavior i If you find someone you revise hypothesis and seek another way to disprove the revised hypothesis c Example Phineous Gage had an accident in which a pole went through his brain and he was still able to function properly revise hypothesis and find another single case 3 Falsifiability for a theory to be scientific it needs to have the potential to be proven wrong potential to disconfirm a Example you are proposing we are a brain in a vat but this is not a good scientific theory because we cannot disprove or test i This does not mean that it is wrong but it is also not correct cannot use scientific method 4 Epistemology study of the nature of knowledge how do we know what we think we know a Rationalism the source of all knowledge is reason a prioribefore experience i Inherent knowledge ii Active mind iii Example virtual glass cliff study that examined if we are born with depth perception had parents try to get their children to walk crawl off of a cliff onto the see through glass at the bottom it looked exactly like the surface they were on just lower to see if they could use depth cues to tell that the surface on the other side was much farther down than the one they were on iv Example Giant Chalk drawings that look 3D from a certain perspective would a child see the 3D image b Empiricism knowledge is based on sensory experience a posteriori i Passive mind ii Example size distance cue and children children learn to distinguish close vs far away objects
View Full Document
Unlocking...