Exam Study Guide AMH2020 Schubitz Progressivism The ideology that industrialization and urbanization negatively affect American life Formed form middle class idealists Democrats Republicans that sought reform and regulation in order to ensure social justice Also on the platform were ambitions to curb the powers of local politicians in order to establish honest and efficient government in addition to a ban on child labor laws promoting safety in the workplace the prohibition women s suffrage and anti trust acts Muckrakers A term negatively denoted by President Theodore Roosevelt to describe journalists that exposed the filth of society and America to the public Important Muckrakers o Ida Tarbell Daughter of a contractor that worked in the oil industry wrote a book that exposed the illegal activity dangers of the oil industry o Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle called attention to the meatpacking industry and more slightly exaggerated to outrage people Impact of Muckrakers o Pure Food Drug Act provides federal inspection of food and other goods o Settlement Houses Built in poor areas for middle upper class volunteers to live in while reaching out to their poor neighbors Jane Adams was a huge settlement house leader establishing her own Hull House for newly arrived European Immigrants Muller vs Oregon Pivoted a small business owner against the state of Oregon to enforce the 10 hour work day for women introduced the Brandeis Brief to the court system A written legal Significance of the Case document used by lawyers to present their case and argument to the court before this particular brief most were pure legal theory This brief presented statistical data and sociological evidence Significant People o Kurt Muller the small business owner that was brought to the Supreme Court o Florence Kelley Labor reformer that signed to the defense for the state of Oregon o Louis Brandeis important figure in the Progressive Era and the prosecuting teamed up with Louis Brandeis attorney in the case Election of 1912 The election between William Taft Republican Theodore Roosevelt Progressive Woodrow Wilson Democratic and Eugene V Debs Socialist Woodrow Wilson won by a landslide because the Republican vote was split between Taft and Roosevelt Note Debs acquired the highest proportion of votes for the Socialist Party ever 900 000 votes Shift in political power for the first time since the Civil War and Grover Significance Cleveland the Democratic Party held the White House and majorities of both houses of Congress Also Wilson s election brought southerners back into national and international affairs The Candidates o Woodrow Wilson represented a southern progressivism limited government competition small business and he advocated from an individualistic perspective o Eugene Debs ran on the Socialist party ticket in 1904 1908 1912 and 1920 from Prison Involved in the labor movement o William H Taft fairly moderate President from 1909 1913 after Roosevelt supported by moderates conservatives and supporters of big business o Theodore Roosevelt became President in 1901 due to the assassination of President McKinley youngest President famous for his imperialist ideology Political Platforms o Roosevelt s New Nationalism Government protection of human welfare and property rights Believed that only a powerful federal government could guarantee social justice Believed Trusts were inevitable and government should regulate them instead of breaking them up Right Winged o Wilson s New Freedom Called for smaller Federal government smaller business more competition Believed in anti trust legislation and standing out of the way to let competition reign and the economy flourish Middle o Taft was Left Winged Wilson s Presidency Prior to WWI Lowered tariffs considerably The Underwood Simmons Tariff of 1913 reduced the overall average duty from 37 to 29 Passed the 16th Amendment amended the Constitution to allow an income tax Federal Reserve Act passed in 1913 reconstruction of the banking system established twelve regional Federal Reserve banks each owned by member banks in its district The arrangement expanded money supply and bank credit in times of high business activity or when borrowing increased Provided the nation with a flexible currency system while decentralizing the money supply Anti Trust Laws created the Federal Trade Commission FTC a five member commission that replaced Roosevelt s Bureau of Corporations Assumed the power to define unfair trade practices and issue cease and desist orders when evidence of unfair competition was found WWI What caused it The single even that sparked the beginning of the war was the assassination of the Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist Austria Hungary sought to punish Serbia Russia s military aided Serbia and triggered a conflict between the two major European Alliance Systems o The Triple Alliance also known as the Allied Powers and the Triple Entente France Great Britain Russia o The Central Powers Germany Austria Hungary Italy When Russia refused to stop its army s mobilization in Serbia Germany aiding Austria Hungary declared war on Russia and its ally France on August 1st 1914 Great Britain Japan and Turkey entered only weeks after This particular war was different than any previous conflict using weapons of mass destruction The Battle of Verdun in France lasted from Feb Dec 1962 32 million artillery shells fired Trench warfare was introduced in WWI The Battle of Somme 20 000 British soldiers were killed 40 000 wounded in less than 24 hours U S Neutrality in WWI Wilson fought for years for America to remain neutral Slight signs of support towards the Allied Powers the 2 billion loan for aid to Britain and France in comparison to Germany s 27 million The Allies demand for food generated and economic boom in the states The 1st threat to American neutrality was Germany s sinking of the passenger liner the Lusitania in 1915 killing 128 Americans among the 1 198 lost o American opinion was outraged o Secretary of State William Bryan demanded that Germany abandon unrestricted submarine warfare after repeated American demands in stronger terms he resigned in protest refusing to risk war over the issue Two more American lives were lost in the sinking of the New York bound British liner Arabic to which the German government promised that no lines will be sunk without warning and safety of the lives of noncombatants After Wilson s re election in 1916 he
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